Bibliography and Index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia 
S
| Sakhalin ( 9 ) | ||||
| x | 1870 | Adams, A. (specimen of ?DD; 198.) | ||
| x | 1923 | Sowerby, A. de C. ("dugong" of Adams [1870] probably Hydrodamalis; 136-137.) | ||
| D | 1928 | Anon. | ||
| x | D | * | 1937a | Nagao, T. (Desmostylus minor, n.sp.; Mioc.; 46-49.) |
| x | D | 1937c | Nagao, T. (Desmostylus spp.; 110-113.) | |
| x | D | 1963 | Mitchell & Repenning (Desmostylus; 10, 15.) | |
| D | 1966a | Shikama, T. | ||
| D | 1969 | Mel'nikov & Shustov | ||
| x | 1978b | Domning, D.P. (specimen of Adams [1870] probably DD; 136, 138.) | ||
| Salinity Tolerance ( 57 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Behavior, Ingestive) | ||||
| 1703-05 | Dampier, W. (Trichechus; need fresh water) | |||
| 1826 | Humboldt, A.v. (TMM; Bahia de Jagua, Cuba; use of freshwater springs at sea) | |||
| x | 1843 | Backhouse, J. (DD; Australia; ascend "narrow creeks"; 368-369.) | ||
| x | 1861a | Du Chaillu, P.B. (TS; prefer fresh water; 367.) | ||
| x | 1899 | Steller, G.W. (HG; like fresh water; 197.) | ||
| x | * | 1906b | Dexler & Freund (DD; 49-50.) | |
| x | 1908b | Gudernatsch, J.F. (TML; ?prefer brackish water; 229.) | ||
| x | 1924-25 | Vosseler, J. (Trichechus; in capt.; 129.) | ||
| x | 1935 | Barrett, O.W. (TMM; Central America; dislike salt water; 216.) | ||
| x | 1942 | Morison, S.E. (TMM; Cuba; use of freshwater springs; 459.) | ||
| x | 1948 | Bessac & Villiers (TS; ?unable to enter fresh water if born in salt water; migration affected by salinity; drinking fresh water; 188.) | ||
| x | 1951 | Bourlière, F. (TM euryhalic; 194.) | ||
| x | 1951a | Moore, J.C. (TML; Florida; dispersal down Keys ?limited by lack of fresh water; 5.) | ||
| x | 1951b | Moore, J.C. (TML; Florida Everglades; 25-26.) | ||
| x | 1956 | Tomkins, I.R. (TML in salt water; 289.) | ||
| x | * | 1958 | Leakey, L.S.B. (DD; East Africa; in rivers; 19-20.) | |
| x | 1961 | Jonklaas, R. (DD; m2.) | ||
| x | 1964a | Bertram & Bertram (Trichechus; m115-116.) | ||
| x | 1965 | Lluch B., D. (TMM; not affected by salinity; 411-412.) | ||
| x | 1966 | Kinzer, J. (salinity of West African coastal lagoons; 47.) | ||
| x | 1966 | Thomas, D. (DD; in capt., India; kept in brackish water; 81.) | ||
| x | * | 1967 | Aung, S.H. (DD; Burma; 221.) | |
| x | 1967a | Jones, S. (DD; India; 217.) | ||
| x | 1968 | Charnock-Wilson, J. (Trichechus; m293.) | ||
| x | * | 1974a | Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; ?need fresh water; 37-41.) | |
| x | 1978 | Irvine & Campbell (TML; Florida; distr. in fresh & salt water; 615-616.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Mitchell, J. (DD; seasonal salinity changes & tooth banding; 342.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Odell et al. (TM; Bahamas; ?restricted by fresh water availability; 293.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Anderson, P.K. (DD; no need for fresh water, 132; calving in hypersaline areas, 133; tolerances, 133-134.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Bengtson & Magor (TMM; Belize; 230-232.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; habitat preferences, 38-39; ?need fresh water, 58-59.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Belitsky & Belitsky (TMM; Dominican Republic; near freshwater upwellings; 317.) | ||
| x | * | 1980 | Irvine et al. (TML; possible concentrating of urine; 3.) | |
| x | 1981 | Powell et al. (TMM; Puerto Rico; occurrence in & drinking of fresh water; 642, 644.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Irvine et al. (TML; western Florida; distr. with respect to salinity; 626, 628-629.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Medway, Bruss et al. (TML; Florida; blood serum osmolality; 231-232.) | ||
| x | 1983a | Kinnaird, M.F. (TML; northeastern Florida; distr. with respect to salinity; 44.) | ||
| x | 1983a | Shane, S.H. (TML; Florida; drinking fresh water; 43-44.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (DD; ?water-balance stress of lactation; 783.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Powell & Rathbun (TML; northwestern Florida; ?need fresh water; 23-24.) | ||
| x | * | 1984 | Reynolds & Ferguson (TM; implications of occurrence in Dry Tortugas; 187-189.) | |
| x | 1984 | Snipes, R.L. (TM; suggests large intestine important in water balance; m76.) | ||
| x | 1989 | Hill & Reynolds (TML; kidney structure & osmoregulatory ability; 53-56.) | ||
| x | 1989 | Lefebvre et al. (TM; effects on biogeography; 590-591.) | ||
| x | 1989 | Maluf, N.S.R. (TML; kidney structure & osmoregulatory ability; 282, 284.) | ||
| x | 1989a | Preen, A. (DD; Arabian region; 118, 121, 127.) | ||
| x | 1996 | Reynolds & Rommel (TML; possible gastrointestinal adaptations; 553-554.) | ||
| x | 1998 | Axis-A. et al. (TMM; Mexico; moderate effect of salinity on distr.; 801.) | ||
| x | * | 1998 | Ortiz et al. (TML, TMM; osmoregulation; 449-457.) | |
| x | * | 1999 | Ortiz et al. (TM; water turnover rates; 33-38.) | |
| 2001 | Ortiz, R.M. (osmoregulation) | |||
| x | D | 2003 | Clementz et al. (Desmostylus; habitat inferred from stable isotopes; 506-519.) | |
| 2006 | Lanyon, Newgrain & Alli (DD; in capt., Indonesia; water turnover rate) | |||
| 2006 | Clementz et al. (Eoc. sirs.; stable isotopes) | |||
| 2008 | Bianucci et al. (Metaxytherium spp.; Mioc.-Plioc.; peri-Messinian dwarfing) | |||
| 2009 | Clementz et al. (Tethys-Mediterranean sirs.; Eoc.-Plioc.; diets, salinity; stable isotopes) | |||
| 2020 | Smoll et al. (DD; osmoregulation & electrolyte balance) | |||
Satellite Tracking: Satellite Tracking: SEE Tagging Methods and Recognition ( 0 )
| Sense Organs ( 110 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Behavior, Investigative, and Sense Perception; Brain and Nervous System; Digestive System; Skeleton; Sound Production) | ||||
| x | * | 1809a | Cuvier, G. (Trichechus; ear bones; 287-289, pl. 19.) | |
| x | 1820a | Home, E. (DD; ear apparatus; 149-153.) | ||
| x | 1820b | Home, E. (DD; tongue, 316; olfactory nerve, eye, 321.) | ||
| 1845 | Hyrtl, J. (ear) | |||
| x | 1857 | Rapp, W.v. (TML; ear ossicles, 96-97, pl. 3; eye, 97-98.) | ||
| x | * | 1867 | Claudius, M. (HG, etc.; ear region; 1-14, pls. 1-2.) | |
| 1868 | Claudius, M. (ear) | |||
| 1868 | Owen, R. (smell) | |||
| x | * | 1872a | Murie, J. (TMM; nasal region, 186-187; eye, 187-188; ear, 188.) | |
| 1878 | Doran, A.H.G. (ear) | |||
| x | 1880 | Murie, J. (TMM; eye; 24-25.) | ||
| x | * | 1884 | Doran, A.H.G. (ear ossicles; 366-370.) | |
| x | 1885a | Woodward, H. (ear ossicles; 461-462.) | ||
| x | * | 1892 | Tuckerman, F. (Trichechus; tongue; 77.) | |
| x | 1897 | Broom, R. (Jacobson's organ & sir. affinities; m252.) | ||
| x | 1899 | Steller, G.W. (HG; eyes, ears; 187, 199.) | ||
| * | 1902 | Pütter, A. (eye) | ||
| 1903 | Schoenichen, W. (eye) | |||
| x | 1906 | Annandale, N. (dugong tears; 241.) | ||
| x | * | 1906b | Dexler & Freund (DD, Trichechus; taste, 59; smell, 59-60; eyes, 60-64; ears, 64.) | |
| 1908 | Beyer, H. (ear) | |||
| x | 1908b | Gudernatsch, J.F. (TML; eye; protective secretion, reflex; 227-228.) | ||
| x | 1912a | Matthes, E. (ear apparatus; 597-599.) | ||
| x | 1915 | Broom, R. (Jacobson's organ & sir. affinities; m162.) | ||
| x | 1915 | Seale, A. (DD; eyes "turning to flesh" when exposed to air; 215.) | ||
| x | 1922 | Sonntag, C.F. (tongue; 646-647, 654-655.) | ||
| x | 1923a | Petit, G. (dugong tears; 77.) | ||
| x | 1924-25 | Vosseler, J. (possible chemical-sensory fields, 219-220; appearance of eye, 220.) | ||
| x | 1928 | Prater, S.H. (dugong tears; 94-95.) | ||
| x | * | 1929 | Petit & Rochon-Duvigneaud (DD; eye, 129-138; hearing, smell, taste, touch, 130-132.) | |
| 1931 | Klaauw, C.J. van der (ear) | |||
| 1931-34 | Schneider, K.M. (Flehmen) | |||
| * | 1934 | Genschow, J. (olfactory organs) | ||
| 1942 | Walls, G.L. (eye) | |||
| x | 1953 | Quiring & Harlan (TML; eye weight; 194.) | ||
| x | 1955a | Anon. (dugong tears; 79.) | ||
| x | 1956 | Harry, R.R. (dugong tears; 27.) | ||
| x | 1957 | Gohar, H.A.F. (DD; snout bristles; 12-15.) | ||
| x | 1963 | Fenart, R. (DD; ear vestibules & ossicles; 92-94.) | ||
| 1964 | Harrison & Tomlinson (TM; auditory meatus) | |||
| x | 1964 | Norris, K.S. (Trichechus; possible use of mandibular canal as wave guide in echolocation; 334.) | ||
| x | * | 1965 | Robineau, D. (HG, etc.; ear ossicles; 412-424.) | |
| x | 1967a | Jones, S. (dugong tears; 218.) | ||
| 1968 | Giraud-Sauveur & Miloche (TS; ear ossicles) | |||
| x | * | 1969 | Robineau, D. (ear apparatus; 2, 8-13, 15-20, 22-31.) | |
| x | * | 1971 | Fleischer, G. (DD; ear apparatus; 351-359.) | |
| x | 1972 | Verhaart, W.J.C. (Trichechus; development of brain sensory regions; 288-289.) | ||
| * | 1973 | Fleischer, G. (ear) | ||
| x | * | 1976 | Fleischer, G. (anchoring of stapes; 304-317.) | |
| x | 1977a | Domning, D.P. (DD; external ear muscles; 26-27.) | ||
| x | 1978b | Domning, D.P. (hydrodamalines; ear adaptations; 132.) | ||
| 1978 | Fleischer, G. (middle ear) | |||
| x | 1980 | Arvy, L. (HG; supposed near-blindness; 312.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Bullock et al. (TI; auditory evoked potentials & hearing organs; ?role of zygomatic process; 130-133.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Lowell & Flanigan (chemoreception; 56-57.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Kamiya & Yamasaki (DD; sinus hair; 193-197.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Yamasaki et al. (DD; taste buds; 185-187, 190-191.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Bullock et al. (TML; auditory evoked potentials; 547-554.) | ||
| x | * | 1982 | Cohen et al. (TML; photoreceptors; 197-202.) | |
| x | 1982 | Kleinschmidt, A. (HG, DD, TM; ear bones; 399-403.) | ||
| x | * | 1983 | Piggins et al. (TI; eye morphology & vision; 111-129.) | |
| x | 1985 | Mackay-Sim et al. (TML lacks vomeronasal organ but has olfactory epithelium; 186-194.) | ||
| x | 1985 | Pirlot & Kamiya (DD; importance of sinus hairs; 154.) | ||
| 1986 | Andreev, F.V. (TM; eye) | |||
| x | * | 1988 | Fischer, M.S. (TM; ear; 365-379.) | |
| x | 1989a | Marsh, H. (dugong tears; 79.) | ||
| x | 1990 | Court, N. (Prorastomus; ear; 175-179.) | ||
| x | 1991 | Court & Jaeger (Prorastomus, Trichechus; inner ear; 559-565.) | ||
| 1991 | Fischer, M.S. (ear) | |||
| 1991 | West et al. (TM; eye) | |||
| x | * | 1992 | Ketten et al. (TML; ear, 77-95; chorda tympani, 84, 92.) | |
| x | 1993 | Fischer & Tassy (Trichechus; ear, perilymphatic foramen; 225-227.) | ||
| 1994 | Court, N. (ear) | |||
| x | 1995 | Marshall & Reep (TML; functions of cerebral cortical areas; 17-18.) | ||
| x | 1996 | Griebel & Schmid (TMM; eye & color vision; 2747.) | ||
| x | 1997 | Mass et al. (TML; eye; retinal topography; 392-394.) | ||
| x | 1998 | Marshall et al. (TML; facial bristles & hairs; 274-289.) | ||
| x | * | 1998 | Reep et al. (TML; facial bristles & hairs; 257-273.) | |
| x | * | 1999 | Bachteler & Dehnhardt (TMM; facial bristles & hairs; 61-69.) | |
| x | 2002 | Spoor et al. (DD; curvature of semicircular canals; 163-164.) | ||
| x | 2002 | Ames et al. (TML; zygomatic process of squamosal; lipid content & sound conduction; 625-634.) | ||
| 2003 | Marshall et al. (DD, TI, TMM, TS; orofacial morphology & feeding) | |||
| 2003 | Hatfield et al. (TM; iridocorneal angle of eye) | |||
| 2005 | Harper et al. (TML; vascularization of cornea) | |||
| 2005 | Natiello et al. (TM; ciliary body) | |||
| 2005 | Natiello & Samuelson (TM; ciliary body) | |||
| 2006 | Newman & Robinson (TM; visual pigments) | |||
| * | 2007 | Chapla et al. (TML; head & ear bones; CT scans) | ||
| 2007 | Sarko, Reep et al. (TML; follicle-sinus complexes) | |||
| 2008 | Johnson & Reep (vibrissae) | |||
| 2009 | Hunt et al. (visual photopigments) | |||
| 2009 | Knight, K. (hearing) | |||
| 2011 | Sarko et al. (tactile hairs) | |||
| 2011 | Reep et al. (tactile hairs) | |||
| 2012 | Davies et al. (visual photopigments) | |||
| 2012 | Knight, K. (hearing) | |||
| 2012 | Kikuchi et al. (TI; turning behavior; vision and tactile hairs) | |||
| 2012 | Reynolds & Marshall (physical traits, life history, & vulnerability of sirs.) | |||
| 2012 | Mass et al. (TML; retina) | |||
| 2013 | Marriott et al. (Sirs.; somatosensation, hearing, olfaction) | |||
| * | 2013 | Benoit et al. (new primitive sir.; Eoc., Tunisia; CT scans of ear region, comp. w/ Prorastomus sirenoides) | ||
| * | 2017 | Gaspard et al. (TML; sensory hairs on body) | ||
| * | 2018 | Bauer et al. (review; 2-8.) | ||
| 2019 | Garcés-Cuartas et al. (TMM; in capt.; vibrissae growth rate) | |||
| * | 2020 | Barboza & Larkin (TML; nasal cavity, turbinates, olfaction, & olfactory epithelium) | ||
| 2020 | Barboza & Larkin (TML; taste buds) | |||
| 2021 | Meshida et al. (TML; oblique muscles of eyeball) | |||
| 2021 | Kerber & Moraes-Santos (Dioplotherium cf. allisoni; endocranial morphology; olfactory, optic, & trigeminal structures) | |||
| 2022 | Cabrias-C. et al. (TMM; Puerto Rico; perinatal bilateral exophthalmia & secondary corneal ulcers) | |||
| 2022 | Meshida et al. (TML; rectus extraocular muscles; comp. w/ cetaceans.) | |||
Sense Perception: Sense Perception: SEE Behavior, Investigative, and Sense Perception; Sense Organs ( 0 )
| Seuku Beatty and Cockburn, 2015 ( 1 ) | ||||
| D | * | 2015 | Beatty & Cockburn (n.gen.; Olig., Oregon) | |
| Seuku emlongi (Domning, Ray, and McKenna, 1986) Beatty and Cockburn, 2015 ( 1 ) | ||||
| D | * | 2015 | Beatty & Cockburn (n.comb.) | |
| Siren bartholini Oesterdam, 1766 ( 2 ) | ||||
| * | 1766 | Oesterdam, A. (name coined) | ||
| x | * | 1991 | Dubois, A. (origin & history of name; 109, 114, 117.) | |
| Sirenavus hungaricus Kretzoi, 1941 ( 7 ) | ||||
| x | * | 1941 | Kretzoi, M. (n.gen.n.sp.; 146-149, 156, pl. 6.) | |
| x | 1951 | Kretzoi, M. (m439, m441.) | ||
| x | 1953 | Kretzoi, M. (m273, 274.) | ||
| x | 1977 | Kordos, L. (ribs of holotype lost; 365.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Kordos, L. (comp. w/ Hungarian Eotheroides; 385, 387-389, 396-397.) | ||
| * | 1981 | Kordos, L. | ||
| x | 1982 | Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 35, 55, 61.) | ||
| Sirenavus Kretzoi, 1941 ( 8 ) | ||||
| x | * | 1941 | Kretzoi, M. (n.gen.; 146-149, 151, 153-154.) | |
| 1944 | Mottl, M. | |||
| x | 1951 | Reinhart, R.H. (m209, 211.) | ||
| x | 1970 | Fuchs, H. (comp. w/ Halitherium; 1187.) | ||
| x | 1978c | Domning, D.P. (phyletic position; 574, 579.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Kleinschmidt, A. (m378.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Sereno, P.C. (m7-8.) | ||
| 1983 | Kordos, L. | |||
| Sirene borealis (Gmelin, 1788) Link, 1794 ( 3 ) | ||||
| * | 1794-95 | Link, H.F. (n.comb.) | ||
| x | 1925 | ICZN (syn. of Hydrodamalis gigas; 38.) | ||
| x | 1978b | Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis gigas; 93.) | ||
| Sirene Link, 1794 ( 2 ) | ||||
| * | 1794-95 | Link, H.F. (n.gen.) | ||
| x | 1978b | Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis; 75.) | ||
| Sirenia Illiger, 1811 ( 3 ) | ||||
| x | * | 1811 | Illiger, C. (name introduced, at family rank; in classification; 140.) | |
| * | 1820 | Goldfuss, G.A. | ||
| x | 1872b | Gill, T. (diagnosis; 300-301.) | ||
| Sireniformes Kinman, 1994 ( 1 ) | ||||
| * | 1994 | Kinman, K.E. (new ordinal name for Sirenia; 38.) | ||
| Sireniformia Burmeister, 1837 ( 1 ) | ||||
| x | * | 1837 | Burmeister, H. (n.fam.; in classification; 792.) | |
| Sirenoidea Van Beneden, 1855? ( 0 ) |
| Sirenotherium de Paula Couto, 1967 ( 3 ) | ||||
| x | * | 1967b | Paula Couto, C. de (n.gen.; Early Mioc., Brazil; 346-356.) | |
| x | 1978c | Domning, D.P. (in phylogeny; 579.) | ||
| x | 1980 | McKenna, M.C. (comp. w/ Florentinoameghinia; 66.) | ||
| Sirenotherium pirabense de Paula Couto, 1967 ( 8 ) | ||||
| x | * | 1967b | Paula Couto, C. de ("S. pirabensis", n.gen.n.sp.; Early Mioc., Brazil; 346-356.) | |
| x | 1982b | Domning, D.P. (referred to Trichechidae or Dugongidae incertae sedis; 600, 606, 612.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Frailey, C.D. (comp. w/ Ribodon; 34.) | ||
| 1989 | Lima, M.R. de (considered Sirenia incertae sedis) | |||
| x | * | 1989 | Toledo, P.M. de (new specimens referred; 5-10.) | |
| x | 1991 | Toledo & Domning (considered nomen dubium; 120-121.) | ||
| x | 1996 | Cozzuol, M.A. (review; 325.) | ||
| x | 2000 | Henriques et al. (holotype listed; 19.) | ||
| Skeleton ( 300 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Age Determination; Embryology and Ontogeny; Histology; Myology; Sense Organs; Tooth Replacement; and under species) | ||||
| x | 1770 | Alston, C. (Trichechus; petrous bones; medicinal use; 537-538.) | ||
| x | 1804 | G.L.D. (DD; ivory "homogeneous"; m165.) | ||
| x | 1804 | Wiedemann, C.R.W. (TM; skull; 67-76.) | ||
| x | * | 1809a | Cuvier, G. (TI, 285-293, pl. 19; TS, 295-296, pl. 19; fossil sirs., 305-308, pl. 19.) | |
| x | 1820a | Home, E. (DD; tusks, 146-149, 153, pls. 12-14; ear, 149-153; lower incisors, 153-154, pl. 14.) | ||
| x | 1820b | Home, E. (DD; cribriform plate, 321; postcranial skeleton, 321-322, pl. 31.) | ||
| x | 1820 | Raffles, T.S. (DD; teeth, 175-176; bones, 178-179.) | ||
| x | 1821a | Home, E. (DD; Sumatra; 268-270, pl. 20.) | ||
| x | 1821b | Home, E. (TMM; Jamaica; 390-391, pl. 27.) | ||
| 1829 | Knox, R. (DD) | |||
| 1831 | Knox, R. (DD) | |||
| x | 1834 | Rüppell, E. (DD; gen. acc.; 104, 107-112, pl. 6.) | ||
| 1836a | Robert, C. (TS; skeleton) | |||
| x | 1836b | Robert, C. (TS; 363.) | ||
| x | * | 1838a | Owen, R. (DD; ossification of throat cartilages, m37; bones, 40-41; teeth, 41-44.) | |
| x | * | 1847 | Bischoff, T.L.W. (DD; teeth, 2; postcranial skeleton, 2-3; hyoid, 3-6, pl. 1.)) | |
| x | 1847 | Brandt, J.F. (HG; new material, comp. w/ living sirs.; 47-48.) | ||
| 1847 | Owen, R. (DD; skeleton) | |||
| 1847 | Turner, H.N. (vertebrae) | |||
| x | 1849 | Owen, R. ("Halicore indicus"; forelimb adapted as fin; m5-6.) | ||
| x | 1850 | Kneeland, S., Jr. (Trichechus; affinities; 42-47.) | ||
| x | 1850 | Wyman, J. (TS; skull; 46-47.) | ||
| x | 1855a | Gervais, P. (TI; gen. acc.; 114-115.) | ||
| x | 1857 | Jäger, G. (TMM, Suriname, skull & skeleton, 91-98, pl. 6; DD, skull, 98-99, pl. 6.) | ||
| 1858 | Kaup, J.J. (Halitherium schinzii; pelvis, femur) | |||
| 1858b | Krauss, C.F.F. (Halitherium; skull) | |||
| x | 1861 | Möbius, K. (TMM; Belize; masticating pads, 148-156, pl. 7; skull measurements, 154-155.) | ||
| 1862a | Brandt, J.F. | |||
| 1862b | Brandt, J.F. | |||
| 1862d | Brandt, J.F. | |||
| 1862 | Bronn, H.G. (Halitherium) | |||
| x | 1862 | Goebel, A. (HG; chemical analysis of bone; 188-193.) | ||
| * | 1862a | Krauss, C.F.F. (Trichechus; osteology) | ||
| * | 1862a | Nordmann, A.v. (HG; skeleton) | ||
| 1862b | Nordmann, A.v. (HG) | |||
| 1863a | Brandt, J.F. | |||
| 1863b | Brandt, J.F. | |||
| 1863 | Cleland, J. (vomer, ethmoid, premaxilla) | |||
| x | 1863 | McBain, J. (TS, TMM; skulls; 261-267.) | ||
| 1864 | Flower, W.H. (cervical vertebrae) | |||
| x | 1865 | Gray, J.E. (TS, TM; 130-138.) | ||
| x | 1867c | Brandt, J.F. (HG, DD, TM; endocranial casts; 269-270.) | ||
| x | * | 1867 | Claudius, M. (HG, etc.; ear region; 6-14, pls. 1-2.) | |
| * | 1870 | Krauss, C.F.F. (DD) | ||
| 1872 | Krauss, C.F.F. (TMM; pelvis) | |||
| x | * | 1872a | Murie, J. (TMM; bones & ligaments; 135-143, 179, 186-188.) | |
| 1875 | Weyhe (pelvis) | |||
| x | 1876 | Chapman, H.C. (TMM; cervical vertebrae; m453.) | ||
| x | 1879 | Yarnall, E.H. (HG; Nordenskiöld's collection; m793.) | ||
| x | 1880 | Cope, E.D. (DD, Trichechus; squamosal foramina; 456.) | ||
| x | 1880 | Murie, J. (TMM; sternum; 44, pl. 8.) | ||
| x | 1881 | Crane, A. (TMM; development in young specimen; 459.) | ||
| 1883 | Albrecht, P. (vertebral epiphyses) | |||
| x | 1883 | Anon. (HG; Stejneger's collection of 11 skulls; m93.) | ||
| x | 1883 | Dybowski, B. (HG; skull; sexual variation; 73.) | ||
| x | * | 1883 | Stejneger, L. (HG; collection, 59, 61-62; sexual variation, 78-83; tail, 86; specimens at Irkutsk destroyed, 84.) | |
| x | * | 1884 | Doran, A.H.G. (ear ossicles; 366-370.) | |
| x | 1884b | Stejneger, L. (HG; collecting of 12 skulls & other bones; 107-108.) | ||
| x | 1885b | Nordenskiöld, A.E. (HG bones in various museums; 284-285.) | ||
| x | 1885 | Stejneger, L. (HG; excavation of weathered skeleton; 256-257.) | ||
| x | * | 1885a | Woodward, H. (HG; 457-464.) | |
| * | 1886a | Hartlaub, C. (Trichechus; variation) | ||
| x | 1887b | Baur, G. (hyperphalangy; 840.) | ||
| x | 1887 | Ward, H.L. (DD; vertebrae & pelvis; 536.) | ||
| 1888 | Slade, D.D. (cranial vacuities) | |||
| x | 1889 | Clark, J.W. (HG; skeleton at Harvard; 342.) | ||
| 1889a | Cope, E.D. | |||
| 1889b | Leboucq, H. (manus) | |||
| 1891a | Kükenthal, W. (fusion of epiphyses; hyperphalangy) | |||
| 1892 | Dollo, L. (ribs) | |||
| x | 1893 | Holder, C.F. (HG; skeleton at California Academy of Science; m236.) | ||
| x | 1893 | Howes & Harrison (DD; vertebrae, phalanges, teeth; 790.) | ||
| x | 1894 | Miller, W.D. (TS; dental caries; 15-18.) | ||
| x | 1894 | Zaaijer, T. (DD; cranial sutures; m340.) | ||
| x | 1896 | Kükenthal, W. (TM; embryonic dentition; 513-526.) | ||
| x | 1896 | Leboucq, H. (hyperphalangy; m174.) | ||
| 1897 | Sabatier, A. (chevron bones) | |||
| * | 1897 | Thomas & Lydekker (Trichechus; dentition) | ||
| 1897 | Tredgold, A.F. (ribs) | |||
| x | 1898 | Thomas & Lydekker (Trichechus; dentition; 814.) | ||
| 1898 | Anderson, R.J. (DD, Trichechus; manus; 765-767.) | |||
| x | * | 1899 | Steller, G.W. (HG; 188, 190, 195-196.) | |
| x | 1901 | Broom, R. (Trichechus; ossification of caudal vertebrae; m739.) | ||
| 1902 | Anderson, R.J. (premaxilla) | |||
| 1902 | Sabatier, A. (vertebrae, sternum) | |||
| 1902 | Stromer, E. | |||
| 1903 | Van Oort, E.D. (Halitherium) | |||
| x | 1904 | Eggeling, H. (DD, Trichechus; sternum; 99.) | ||
| x | * | 1904 | Freund, L. (DD, etc.; manus; 363, 397, pls. 14-15.) | |
| x | * | 1904a | Lorenz, L.v. (Recent sirs.; pelvis; 1-11, pl. 1.) | |
| 1905 | Freund, L. (DD; sternum) | |||
| x | 1905 | Knauff (pelvis; 306, 309.) | ||
| x | 1905 | Toldt, C. (angular process of mandible; 337.) | ||
| x | 1906b | Dexler & Freund (DD; tusks, 56, 65; exethmoids, 59-60.) | ||
| 1907c | Abel, O. (pelvis) | |||
| x | 1907 | Annandale, N. (DD; pelvis, 79; manus, 79-80.) | ||
| x | 1908 | Anderson, R.J. (DD, Trichechus; parietal; 547.) | ||
| * | 1908a | Freund, L. (DD; skull) | ||
| x | 1908b | Freund, L. (DD; nasal region, bones & cartilages; 254-256.) | ||
| x | 1908 | Fuchs, H. (vertebral epiphyses; m353.) | ||
| x | 1909 | Anderson, R.J. (Trichechus; maxillae; 745.) | ||
| x | 1911 | Anon. (HG; photo of skull; 37.) | ||
| 1911 | Lefeuvre (Halitherium) | |||
| x | D | 1911 | Merriam, J.C. (Desmostylus; 407-412.) | |
| 1911 | Schmidtgen, O. (Halitherium schinzii; scapula) | |||
| x | 1912b | Dexler, H. (DD; braincase; 100.) | ||
| 1912b | Matthes, E. (TML; ethmoid region) | |||
| 1912 | Schmidtgen, O. (Halitherium schinzii; hindlimb) | |||
| 1912 | Stapley, W. (cervical ribs) | |||
| 1912 | Turner, W. | |||
| x | * | 1914a | Freund, L. (embryology; 354-386, pl. 16.) | |
| 1914b | Freund, L. (embryology) | |||
| 1914 | Goodrich, E.S. (vertebrae) | |||
| x | 1919 | Hanson, F.B. (Trichechus; ontogeny & phylogeny of sternum; 81, 111.) | ||
| 1919 | Hogben, L.T. (jugal) | |||
| x | 1921a | Marcus, H. (TS; jaws, teeth, tooth replacement; 574-586, pls. 18-19.) | ||
| 1921b | Matthes, E. (skull) | |||
| 1921c | Matthes, E. (DD; skull) | |||
| 1921d | Matthes, E. (DD; skull) | |||
| 1921a | Stromer, E. (hip region) | |||
| 1921b | Stromer, E. (hip region) | |||
| 1923 | Loth, E. (cervicals; vertebral canals) | |||
| x | * | 1923 | Nopcsa, F.v. (pachyostosis & osteosclerosis; 353-359.) | |
| 1923 | Stromer, E. (pachyostosis) | |||
| x | D | 1924 | Hay, O.P. (Desmostylus hesperus; skull; 7-8.) | |
| 1924 | Vialleton, L. (limbs & girdles) | |||
| x | 1925 | Troxell, E.L. (chevron bones; m613.) | ||
| 1928a | Petit, G. (cervical vertebrae) | |||
| x | 1928b | Petit, G. (TS, fusion of cervical vertebrae, 429-431; Halitherium schinzii, m431.) | ||
| x | 1929 | Birulia, A. (HG; pelvis; 87-90.) | ||
| 1930 | Pales, L. (pathology) | |||
| D | 1930 | Salomon, M.I. (lacrimal) | ||
| 1931 | Loth, E. (fractures) | |||
| x | 1931 | Sickenberg, O. (pachyostosis & osteosclerosis, 407-412; epiphyseal fusion, 412-417; other changes, 427-431.) | ||
| x | 1932 | Korschelt, E. (DD, rib fractures, 450; Trichechus, lesion on radius, 451.) | ||
| 1932 | Kuntze, R. (HG; skeleton at Lvov) | |||
| * | 1933 | Bahrdt, H.J. | ||
| 1934 | Frechkop, S. (DD; skull & dentition) | |||
| x | * | 1934 | Hatt, R.T. (Trichechus; variation; 539-554, 561.) | |
| 1934 | Nopcsa & Heidsieck (pachyostotic rib) | |||
| x | 1935 | Barrett, O.W. (TMM; cartilaginous ?"baculum"; 219.) | ||
| 1936 | Hirschfelder, H. (Trichechus; cranial ontogeny) | |||
| 1936 | Neumann, D. (Halitherium schinzii; manus) | |||
| 1937 | De Beer, G.R. (skull development) | |||
| 1938 | Rueger, J. (cervical vertebrae 1-2) | |||
| x | 1938 | Todd & Todd (Trichechus spp., DD; epiphyseal union sequence; 4-5, 31-35.) | ||
| x | 1939 | Lyman, C.P. (DD; vestigial lower incisor; 229-231.) | ||
| 1940 | Loth, E. (fractures) | |||
| x | * | 1940 | Pocock, R.I. (DD; tusks, teeth, skulls, scapulae; 329-345.) | |
| x | * | 1941a | Heuvelmans, B. (Trichechus; dentition; 1-15.) | |
| D | 1941 | Nagao, T. (Desmostylus) | ||
| x | * | 1942b | Fawcett, D.W. (Trichechus; pachyostosis; histology & hypothyroidism; 271-285, 287-303, 308-309.) | |
| x | 1942a | Kaltenmark, J. (TS, etc.; 56-64.) | ||
| x | 1943 | Heuvelmans, B. (evolution of dentition; 4-13.) | ||
| x | 1943 | Kaltenmark, J. (fronto-nasal relationship; 14-24.) | ||
| x | 1944 | Pereira, M.N. (TI; skull & dentition; vestigial incisors; 42-43.) | ||
| x | 1946 | Slijper, E.J. (spinal column; 42-43, 72, 78, 111-112, 114, tabs. 3, 5.) | ||
| 1947 | Amprino & Godina (histology) | |||
| x | * | 1951 | Kleinschmidt, A. (HG; extant skeletons, bone measurements, body reconstruction; 294-312.) | |
| x | 1951a | Moore, J.C. (TML, TMM; proportions of foramen magnum; 17-18.) | ||
| x | 1951 | Wegner, R.N. (mandibular dental capsule; 76-81.) | ||
| x | * | 1953 | Fernand, V.S.V. (DD; teeth; 139-147, pls. 28-30.) | |
| x | 1953 | Quiring & Harlan (TML; gen. acc.; 194-200.) | ||
| 1955 | Tucker, R. | |||
| x | 1957 | Gohar, H.A.F. (DD; mandibular symphysis & vestigial lower incisor alveoli; 20-23, 38-39.) | ||
| D | 1961 | Ijiri & Kamei (Desmostylus, Paleoparadoxia; skulls) | ||
| x | 1962 | Schäfer, W. (decay & disintegration; 53-56.) | ||
| x | 1963 | Fenart, R. (DD; vestibulary orientation of skull; 92-98.) | ||
| x | D | 1963 | Mitchell, E.D., Jr. (desmostylians; pachyostosis; 196-197.) | |
| x | * | 1964 | Johnson, D.H. (DD; Arnhem Land, Australia; skull measurements; 507.) | |
| x | D | 1964 | Mitchell, E.D., Jr. (desmostylians; pachyostosis; 214.) | |
| D | * | 1966c | Shikama, T. | |
| 1967 | Poole, D.F.G. (dental tissues) | |||
| x | 1968a | Kaiser, H.E. (occipital region; gross morphology; 478.) | ||
| x | D | 1968 | Shikama, T. (Paleoparadoxia; 21-26, pls. 3-6.) | |
| x | 1969 | Chelnokov, F.G. (HG; bones; 72-73.) | ||
| x | * | 1969 | Robineau, D. (temporal & ear region; 2-31.) | |
| x | 1970 | Scheffer, V.B. (DD; teeth; growth layers; 187-190.) | ||
| x | 1971 | Fleischer, G. (DD; ear apparatus; 351-353, 355-359.) | ||
| x | 1972 | Scheffer, V.B. (HG; body size & weight; 912-913.) | ||
| 1973 | Fleischer, G. | |||
| D | 1973 | Kobayashi & Kamei | ||
| x | * | 1973 | Mitchell, J. (DD; skull & teeth; age determination, 1-23; sexual dimorphism, 14, 16-21.) | |
| x | * | 1974 | James, P.S.B.R. (DD; India; variation; 173-184.) | |
| * | 1974 | Kaiser, H.E. (macroscopic & x-ray atlas) | ||
| x | * | 1974 | Spain & Heinsohn (DD; cranial allometry; 249-257.) | |
| x | 1975 | Domning & Frye (Metaxytherium jordani, Hydrodamalis cuestae; pathology; 1-4, pls. 1-2.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Allen et al. (DD; Sulawesi; 18-19 ribs, 41; tusks, 44; skeletal weight, 46.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Fleischer, G. (anchoring of stapes; 304-317.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Mitchell, J. (DD; growth layers in tusks; 25-28.) | ||
| 1976 | Reinhart, R.H. (DD; incisor anomalies) | |||
| x | * | 1976 | Spain et al. (DD; Australia; cranial variation; 491-497.) | |
| x | 1977 | Versaggi, C.S. (bone structure & function; m305.) | ||
| x | 1977 | Whitmore & Gard (HG; illustrations & measurements; 9-18, pls. 1-8.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Husson, A.M. (TMM; Suriname; skull measurements; 337-338.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Kasuya & Nishiwaki (DD; tusks & age determination; 301-310, 4 pls.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Lande, R. (evolutionary rate of limb loss; 74.) | ||
| x | * | 1978 | Mitchell, J. (DD; dentition & age determination; 317-348.) | |
| x | 1979 | Cave, A.J.E. (DD, Trichechus; pterygoid hamulus; 530-531.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Arvy, L. (osteopetrosis; 309, 312,) | ||
| x | * | 1980 | Marsh, H. (DD; dentition & age determination; 181-201.) | |
| x | 1980 | Domning & Myrick (TI; tetracycline marking of rib; 203-207.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Marsh & Kasuya (DD; tusks from lower latitudes have more accessory growth layers; 357-361.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Mitchell, J. (DD; Queensland; growth layers in tusks; 99-109.) | ||
| x | 1981a | Spain & Marsh (DD; Australia; cranial variation; 143-161.) | ||
| x | * | 1981b | Spain & Marsh (DD; standard skull measurements; 286-301.) | |
| x | 1982 | Kleinschmidt, A. (HG, etc.; in collections, 368-370; proportions, 375; bone density, 387-389; pelvis, 390-392; skull, 392-403.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Olsen, S.J. (TM; identification in archeological sites; 8, 41-42, 54, 56-57, 62, 66, 70, 75, 90.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Kleinschmidt, A. (HG; in collections; 763.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Rich, V. (HG; Bering Is.; discovery of skeleton; 415.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Currey, J. (pachyostosis; m227-228, 263-264.) | ||
| x | 1984a | Domning, D.P. (HG; comment on V. Rich [1983]; 500.) | ||
| x | 1984b | Kozawa, Y. (tooth enamel prisms; 438-440.) | ||
| 1984 | Manzij & Piliptshuk (TM) | |||
| x | D | 1985 | Fortelius, M. (functional anatomy of cheek teeth; Trichechus, 11, 52-53, 65, 73; DD, 11; Desmostylus, 57.) | |
| x | 1985 | Mackay-Sim et al. (TML; absence of nasopalatine ducts; 187-189.) | ||
| x | 1985 | Thewissen, J.G.M. (cranial foramina; 268-269, 271-273, 279.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Bazzini et al. (TML; amedullary bones & sites of hemopoiesis; 150-152.) | ||
| x | * | 1986 | Domning & Hayek (Trichechus; variation; 87-144.) | |
| 1986 | Sukhanov & Manzij (TM) | |||
| 1986 | Sukhanov et al. (TM; forelimb) | |||
| x | 1986 | Watson & Bonde (TM; ectrodactyly & cleft hand; 294-301.) | ||
| x | 1988 | Flannery, T. (HG; skeleton in Australian Museum, Sydney; 462.) | ||
| x | 1988 | Nojima, T. (DD, Trichechus; bony falx cerebri; 315, 320.) | ||
| * | 1988d | Pilleri, G. | ||
| x | * | 1989 | Buffrénil & Schoevaert (DD; pachyostosis; 2107-2119.) | |
| x | 1989a | Preen, A. (DD; Arabian Gulf; skull measurements; 54, 70-71, 172-174.) | ||
| x | 1990 | Buffrénil et al. (pachyostosis, comp. w/ archaeocetes; 455, 463-465.) | ||
| x | 1990 | O'Shea & Reep (TML; body size & fusion of cranial sutures; 539-540.) | ||
| 1990 | Fischer, M.S. (TM; ear region; affinities with elephants) | |||
| x | D | 1991 | Barriel & Tassy (Desmostylus; skull comp. w/ proboscideans; m18-19.) | |
| x | * | 1991 | Domning & de Buffrénil (distr. of mass; hydrostatic adaptations; 331-368.) | |
| x | 1991a | Domning, D.P. (DD; pelvic bones; sexual & ontogenetic variation; 311-316.) | ||
| x | 1991 | Frazier & Mundkur (DD; number of phalanges; 373-374.) | ||
| x | 1991 | Frey, R. (axial skeleton; locomotor aspects; 279-283.) | ||
| x | 1991 | Joeckel, R.M. (TM; mandibular proportions; 463.) | ||
| x | 1992 | Ketten et al. (TML; ear region; 77-95.) | ||
| 1992 | Miyake et al. (rostral cartilages) | |||
| x | 1992 | Roth, V.L. (TI; variation in tooth size, comp. w/ elephants; 194-195, 197.) | ||
| x | 1993 | Cave, A.J.E. (TM; absence of pituitary fossa & dorsum sellae; 256-258.) | ||
| x | 1995 | Ricqlès & Buffrénil (HG; pachyosteosclerosis; 47-53.) | ||
| 1995 | Domning, D.P. (DD; evolution; dental morphology & possible neoteny; feeding ecology, ballast, & deep diving) | |||
| x | * | 1996 | Giffin & Gillett (TM; homologies of cervical nerves & vertebrae; 214-218.) | |
| x | D | 1996 | Kozawa et al. (enamel structure in sirs. & desmostylians; 353-357.) | |
| x | 1996 | Marmontel et al. (TML, TMM; growth layers in bone; 54-88.) | ||
| 1998 | Kobayashi & Nagasawa (Dusisiren dewana & other hydrodamalines; thoracic skeleton) | |||
| x | 1998 | Kondrashov, P.E. (TM; cranial & mandibular characters & phylogeny; 418-428.) | ||
| x | 1999 | Galis, F. (reduced number of cervical vertebrae ?related to Hox genes & metabolic rate; 19-20, 23.) | ||
| 1999 | Klima, M. | |||
| 1999 | Marchand, D. (supraoccipital bone) | |||
| x | 2000 | Fagone et al. (TML; pelvic bones; sexual & ontogenetic variation; 177-181.) | ||
| x | D | 2001d | Domning, D.P. (desmostylian tibia; 23-26.) | |
| D | 2001 | Sawamura, H. (Keton Desmostylus; vertebral formula; 27-32.) | ||
| D | * | 2002b | Domning, D.P. (terrestrial posture of desmostylians) | |
| x | 2002 | Ames et al. (TML; zygomatic process of squamosal; lipid content & sound conduction; 625-634.) | ||
| 2004 | D'Anastasio, R. (hyperostosis of ribs) | |||
| x | 2004 | Uhen, M.D. (sirs. comp. w/ Dorudon; TM, vertebrae, 147-152; ribs & buoyancy, 158-159.) | ||
| * | 2006b | Yan, Clifton et al. (TML; fracture toughness of rib) | ||
| 2006 | Shapiro et al. (Trichechus; pelvic reduction; genetic origins) | |||
| D | * | 2006 | Inuzuka, N. | |
| 2006a | Lanyon & Sanson (DD; degenerate dentition & tooth wear) | |||
| * | 2006 | Mattioli & Domning (HG; Commander Islands; skeletal material in museums; history of collecting) | ||
| 2006a | Yan, Clifton et al. (TML; rib bone; fracture mechanics) | |||
| D | 2006 | Hasegawa et al. (Paleoparadoxia sp.; Middle Mioc., Gunma, Japan; forelimb) | ||
| x | 2007 | Ewan & Ewan (DD; reproduction of earliest illustrations of skull; 1038.) | ||
| * | 2007 | Buchholtz et al. (TML; vertebral column) | ||
| * | 2007 | Domning & Beatty (tusks) | ||
| 2007 | Sanchez-V. et al. (vertebral number; synapomorphy of Afrotheria) | |||
| * | 2008b | Clifton et al. (TML; rib bone; quantitative fractography) | ||
| D | 2008 | Domning & Pyenson (Paleoparadoxiidae; "snagging" teeth & premolar homologies) | ||
| * | 2008a | Clifton et al. (TML; mechanical properties of rib bone) | ||
| D | * | 2009 | Inuzuka, N. (Desmostylus hesperus; Utanobori, Japan; postcranial skeleton) | |
| x | 2009 | Meredith et al. (DD; enamelin gene not degenerate; 3.) | ||
| * | 2009 | Houssaye, A. (review of "pachyostosis") | ||
| D | 2009 | Fujiwara et al. (Paleoparadoxia media; scapular position & strength of rib cage) | ||
| D | 2009 | Fujiwara, S. (Ashoroa, Desmostylus hesperus, Paleoparadoxia repenningi, P. tabatai; olecranon orientation, elbow joint angle, & forelimb posture) | ||
| * | 2010 | Buffrénil et al. (evolution of pachyosteosclerosis) | ||
| x | 2010 | Hautier et al. (Trichechus; 7th vertebra predicted to be developmentally cervical; 18906.) | ||
| 2010 | Lacreta et al. (TI; radius fracture) | |||
| 2010 | Bizzarini & Reggiani (Halitherium schinzii; Olig., France; skull & dentition; reconstructed skeleton exhibited in Venice) | |||
| x | D | 2011 | Koenigswald, W.v. (Desmostylus hesperus; hypsodonty; 70, 79, 94.) | |
| 2011 | Thula et al. (mineralization of collagen) | |||
| 2011 | Varela-L. et al. (cervical vertebrae, homeotic mutations) | |||
| * | 2012 | Hoson et al. (Trichechus; fusion sequence of cranial sutures) | ||
| * | 2012 | Beatty et al. (osteology and tooth development; CT scans of TS & Miosiren kocki) | ||
| 2012 | Buchholtz et al. (differentiation of cervical vertebrae & muscularization of diaphragm) | |||
| D | 2012 | Fujiwara & Hutchinson (Desmostylus, Paleoparadoxia repenningi; elbow adductor moment arm & forelimb posture) | ||
| D | 2013 | Hayashi et al. (desmostylians; bone histology & aquatic adaptation) | ||
| D | 2013 | Inuzuka, N. (Desmostylus, Paleoparadoxia; osteology, paleoecological restoration) | ||
| * | 2013 | Dumont et al. (DD, HG, TS; vertebral centra architecture) | ||
| x | 2013 | Senter & Snow (forelimb skeleton of Bartholin's (1654) "merman" identified as Trichechus sp.; Brazil; 257-262.) | ||
| D | 2015 | Thomas & Barnes (Neoparadoxia cecilialina; Late Mioc., California; osteochondrosis; 28-31.) | ||
| D | 2015 | Houssaye et al. (osteosclerosis) | ||
| 2016 | Canoville et al. (DD; rib microanatomy) | |||
| 2017 | Nganvongpanit et al. (DD; Andaman Sea & Gulf of Thailand) | |||
| D | * | 2018 | Matsui et al. (Paleoparadoxia, Mioc., Fukushima, Japan; diagnosis of femoral morphologies for the Desmostylia.) | |
| 2019 | Lonati et al. (TML; periotic bones; age determination) | |||
| * | 2020 | Nganvongpanit et al. (DD; pelvis; morphometric analysis) | ||
| 2020 | Barboza & Larkin (TML; nasal cavity & turbinates) | |||
| 2021 | Kerber & Moraes-Santos (Dioplotherium cf. allisoni; endocranial morphology; encephalization) | |||
| Sobrarbesiren cardieli Diaz-Berenguer et al., 2018 ( 2 ) | ||||
| * | 2018 | Diaz-Berenguer et al. (Sobrarbesiren cardieli, n.gen. n.sp.; Eoc., Spain) | ||
| * | 2020 | Díaz-Berenguer et al. (Eoc.; Spain; hind limbs) | ||
| Sobrarbesiren Diaz-Berenguer et al., 2018 ( 2 ) | ||||
| * | 2018 | Diaz-Berenguer et al. (n.gen.; Eoc., Spain) | ||
| 2021 | Averianov & Zvonok (comp. w/ indet. sir.; Middle Eoc., Crimea) | |||
| Sonar or Radar Detection of Sirenians ( 14 ) | ||||
| x | 1982 | Fletemeyer, J. (TML; Florida; pop. acc.; 296-299.) | ||
| x | * | 1983b | Kinnaird, M.F. (TML; Florida; experiments; 9-12.) | |
| x | 1995 | Schuhmann, H.-J. (TS; Guinea-Bissau; 402-405, 407-408.) | ||
| 2006 | Tsutsumi et al. (DD; feeding; passive acoustical monitoring) | |||
| 2007 | Muanke & Niezrecki (passive acoustic localization) | |||
| * | 2007 | Jaffe et al. (TML) | ||
| 2008 | Rodas-Trejo et al. (TMM; Chiapas, Mexico) | |||
| 2009 | Gonzalez-S. et al. (TML, TMM; Florida & Mexico; detection by side-scan sonar) | |||
| 2012 | Gonzalez & Olivera (TM; side-scan sonar) | |||
| * | 2012 | Tinelli et al. (Metaxytherium subapenninum; Plioc., Italy; ground-penetrating radar) | ||
| 2012 | Gonzalez-S. & Olivera-G. | |||
| 2012b | Aragones et al. (side-scan sonar surveys of distribution) | |||
| 2019 | McLarty et al. (TMM; Cuba; habitat characterization using side-scan sonar) | |||
| 2020 | Corona-Figueroa et al. (TMM; Hondo River, Belize & Mexico; habitat use) | |||
| Sound Production ( 77 ) | ||||
| x | 1820b | Home, E. (DD; laryngeal cartilages; 319.) | ||
| x | 1820 | Raffles, T.S. (DD; 181.) | ||
| x | 1834 | Rüppell, E. (DD; Red Sea; 113.) | ||
| x | 1873 | Conklin, W.A. (Trichechus; in capt.; 166.) | ||
| x | 1889 | Scammon, C.M. (TML; in capt.; 581-582.) | ||
| x | 1891 | Flower & Lydekker (Trichechus; in capt.; no sounds produced; 219.) | ||
| x | * | 1906b | Dexler & Freund (DD, 54, 58-59; HG, Trichechus, 59.) | |
| x | 1923a | Petit, G. (DD; 76.) | ||
| x | 1935 | Barrett, O.W. (TMM; Central America; grazing, 217; breathing, 218.) | ||
| x | 1936 | Lopes, A.P. (DD; Mozambique; said to "cry out"; 30, 35.) | ||
| x | * | 1937 | Barbour, T. (TML; Florida; in late pregnancy; 107.) | |
| x | 1944 | Pereira, M.N. (TI; in late pregnancy; 60.) | ||
| x | 1947 | Harwood, K. (TM; in capt.; "bellow" when hungry; 50.) | ||
| x | 1954 | Gunter, G. (TML; Florida; 545.) | ||
| x | 1954 | Lawrence, J.E. (TML; Florida; pop. acc.; 403.) | ||
| x | * | 1955 | Kellogg, W.N. (TML; Florida; phonograph record of vocalizations.) | |
| x | 1956b | Anon. (TMM; Puerto Rico; 39.) | ||
| x | 1961 | Jonklaas, R. (DD; 6.) | ||
| 1963 | Brandt, O. | |||
| 1963 | Busnel, R. | |||
| x | 1963 | Pfeffer, P. (DD; 149.) | ||
| 1963 | Tembrock, G. | |||
| x | 1964a | Bertram & Bertram (Trichechus; 118.) | ||
| x | * | 1965 | Schevill & Watkins (TML; Florida; 373-374.) | |
| 1967 | Evans, W.E. (TML; vocalizations) | |||
| x | 1967a | Jones, S. (DD; no sounds produced; 219.) | ||
| x | 1967 | Welsby, T. (female DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland; 2: 235.) | ||
| x | 1968 | Charnock-Wilson, J. (Trichechus; m294.) | ||
| 1969 | Evans & Bastian | |||
| x | 1969 | Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; 346, 348, 350.) | ||
| x | 1969 | Herald, E.S. (TI; in capt.; sounds different from those of TML; m30.) | ||
| x | * | 1970 | Evans & Herald (TI; in capt.; 820-823.) | |
| x | 1971 | Kingdon, J. (DD; East Africa; "whistling"; 397.) | ||
| x | * | 1973 | Sonoda & Takemura (TMM, TI; in capt.; vocalizations; 19-24.) | |
| x | 1976 | Allen et al. (DD; in capt.; 39.) | ||
| x | * | 1977 | Nair & Lal Mohan (DD; India; sound recordings; 277-278.) | |
| x | 1978 | Marsh et al. (DD; vocalizations; 166, 168.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Anderson, P.K. (DD; ?use of nasal passages; 119.) | ||
| x | * | 1979 | Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; 85-86, 92, 96, 98-100, 105, 108, 113-114, 116, 130, 135-136.) | |
| x | 1980 | Bullock et al. (TI; sound frequencies comp. w/ hearing sensitivity; 130-133.) | ||
| x | 1981b | Anderson, P.K. (DD; in capt.; correlation of sounds with movements of facial skin; 94.) | ||
| x | 1981b | Reynolds, J.E., III (TML; Florida; female-calf vocalizations, 442-443, 446-447; vocalizations during "body-surfing", m444, m447; vocalizations in general, 447.) | ||
| x | 1982b | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; 93-95.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Bullock et al. (TI, TML; ultrasonic vocalizations; 548, 552.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Steel & Morris (TML; vocalizations; 925.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Steel, C. (TML; vocalizations; gen. acc.; 3160-3161.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Nietschmann, B. (DD; Torres Strait; 640.) | ||
| x | * | 1985 | Bengtson & Fitzgerald (TML; Florida; social functions; 816-819.) | |
| x | 1993 | Loyer, B. (DD; Vanuatu; "chirps" and associated nasal movements; 55.) | ||
| x | * | 1995 | Anderson & Barclay (DD; Australia; acoustic signals; 1226-1237.) | |
| x | 1997 | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; acoustic signals; 443, 456-457.) | ||
| 2002 | Rountree et al. | |||
| 2002 | Rountree et al. (TM) | |||
| * | 2002 | Sousa-Lima et al. (TI) | ||
| 2003 | Niezrecki et al. | |||
| 2003 | Nowacek et al. (TM) | |||
| 2004 | Phillips et al. (TM; vocalizations) | |||
| 2005 | Yan et al. | |||
| * | 2006 | Mann et al. (TML, TMM; nonlinear dynamics in vocalizations) | ||
| 2006 | Ichikawa et al. (DD; vocalizations) | |||
| 2006 | O'Shea & Poche (TML; underwater sound communication) | |||
| 2006 | Yan, Niezrecki et al. (TML; background noise cancellation of vocalizations) | |||
| 2007 | Gur & Niezrecki (TM; denoising of vocalizations) | |||
| * | 2008 | Sousa-Lima et al. (TMM; in capt., Brazil; vocalizations) | ||
| 2009 | Miksis-Olds & Tyack (TM; noise levels & vocalizations) | |||
| 2009 | Gur & Niezrecki (TML; acoustic enhancement of vocalizations) | |||
| 2011 | Ichikawa et al. (DD; response to calls) | |||
| 2011 | Grossman et al. (TML; modeling respiratory tract) | |||
| 2011 | Gur & Niezrecki (algorithm for enhancing manatee vocalizations) | |||
| 2013 | Parsons et al. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; vocalizations) | |||
| 2017 | Tanaka et al. (DD; Thailand; vocalisation patterns) | |||
| 2017 | Umeed et al. (TMM; vocalizations) | |||
| * | 2020 | Yamato et al. (DD; automatic detection of feeding sounds) | ||
| * | 2020 | Ramos et al. (TMM; Belize; ultrasonic vocalizations) | ||
| * | 2021 | Tanaka et al. (DD; classification of calls) | ||
| * | 2021 | Rycyk et al. (TS; vocalizations & passive acoustic monitoring) | ||
| * | 2021 | Brady et al. (TML; vocalizations related to behavior) | ||
| South America ( 50 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO under countries) | ||||
| 1641 | Acuña, C. d' | |||
| x | 1666 | La Barre, A. (TMM; Guianas; meat obtained by French, English, & Dutch; 14, m31.) | ||
| 1746 | Barbot, J. | |||
| 1749 | Condamine, C.M. de la | |||
| x | 1763 | Bellin, S. (TMM; Guianas; gen. acc.; 65-66, pl. 5.) | ||
| 1779 | Caulín, A. (TMM) | |||
| x | 1809a | Cuvier, G. (Trichechus, distr., 282; TMM, Cayenne, 283.) | ||
| x | 1813 | Ulloa, A. de (TI; R. Marañon; 513.) | ||
| 1835-36 | Poeppig, E.F. | |||
| x | 1869 | Marcoy, P. (TI; Amazonia; hunting, etc.; 1: 671-673, 2: 149-157, 202-204.) | ||
| x | 1873 | Conklin, W.A. (Trichechus; econ. use; pop. acc.; 166.) | ||
| x | 1875 | Marcoy, P. (TI; Amazonia; 2: 42, 45, 187-194, 235-237.) | ||
| x | 1876 | Orton, J. (TI; Amazonia; 215, 299, 477.) | ||
| x | 1878 | Brown, A.E. ("dugong" reported from Pacific coast; m293.) | ||
| 1879-82 | Alston, E.R. | |||
| 1879 | Mathews, E.D. | |||
| x | 1884b | True, F.W. (Trichechus; distr.; 115-116, 123.) | ||
| x | 1914 | Fountain, P. (TI; Amazonia; 303-304.) | ||
| x | 1931 | Tate, G.H.H. (Trichechus; hunting; 253.) | ||
| 1933 | Bueno, R. | |||
| x | 1939 | Wavrin, M. de (Trichechus; northern coast & Amazonia; hunting; 194-196.) | ||
| x | 1946 | Baughman, J.L. (Trichechus; early accounts; 235-237.) | ||
| x | 1957 | Meggers & Evans (TMM; hunting & trading by Indians; m570.) | ||
| x | 1960 | Vúletin, A. (TMM; Chile [!]; m124.) | ||
| x | 1962 | Bertram & Bertram (Trichechus; Guyana, Suriname, Amazon basin; 1329.) | ||
| 1965 | Crowe, P.K. | |||
| 1971 | Meggers, B.J. (Amazonia) | |||
| x | 1973 | Bertram & Bertram (TI, TMM; distr. & status; 317-321.) | ||
| 1973 | Sterling, T. (Amazon R.; pop. acc.) | |||
| x | 1974 | Savage, J.M. (Trichechus; zoogeography; 15, 20, 26, 29.) | ||
| 1977 | Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. | |||
| x | 1977 | Lovisek, J. (TMM, TI; distr. & conservation; pop. acc.; 62-64.) | ||
| x | 1981d | Domning, D.P. (sir. & aquatic plant paleoecology; 419.) | ||
| x | * | 1982b | Domning, D.P. (role in trichechid evolution, 599, 605-607, 610-613, 616; evolution of floating meadows & changes in Amazonian drainage pattern, 610-613.) | |
| x | 1983a | Domning, D.P. (manatee evolution & ecology; pop. acc.; 10-11.) | ||
| x | 1984b | Best, R.C. (TI; Amazonia; gen. acc.; 371-377.) | ||
| x | * | 1989 | Lefebvre et al. (TMM; distr., status, & biogeography; 567-570, 584-591, 599, 607-609.) | |
| 1991 | Pinto de Lima & Borobia (TMM; South America) | |||
| x | 1994 | Marsh & Lefebvre (distr. & status; TMM, 158; TI, 160.) | ||
| x | * | 1996 | Cozzuol, M.A. (fossil sirs.; review; 322, 325-328.) | |
| * | 2001 | Lefebvre et al. (TMM; status & biogeography) | ||
| 2006 | Bianucci et al. (Late Mioc., Chile) | |||
| 2011 | Cione et al. (Metaxytherium, Dioplotherium; Mioc.) | |||
| 2012 | Satizabal et al. (TI, TMM; South America; phylogeography) | |||
| 2012 | Rosa de Oliveira et al. (South America; conservation, genetics, phylogeography) | |||
| * | 2012 | Marmontel et al. (TI; distribution, status, & conservation) | ||
| 2016 | Cosentino & Fisher (TI, TM; as bushmeat) | |||
| * | 2019 | Lima et al. (TI x TM hybrid zone near Amazon River mouth) | ||
| 2020 | Bonvicino et al. (TM, TI; South America; distribution) | |||
| * | 2021 | Souza et al. (Trichechidae; mitogenomes; evolutionary history) | ||
| South Carolina ( 34 ) | ||||
| x | 1844 | Smith, J.L. (fossil ?Manatus; 116-117.) | ||
| 1848 | Tuomey, M. | |||
| x | 1849 | Gibbes, R.W. (Manatus; "Eoc."; 193.) | ||
| x | 1850 | Gibbes, R.W. (Manatus; "Eoc."; 67-68.) | ||
| x | * | 1856b | Leidy, J. (Manatus antiquus, n.sp.; 165.) | |
| x | * | 1873 | Leidy, J. (Manatus inornatus, n.sp.; 336-337, pl. 37.) | |
| 1876 | Anon. | |||
| x | 1876 | Leidy, J. ("manatee"; Ashley phosphate beds; m570.) | ||
| x | 1877 | Leidy, J. (Manatus antiquus; m211, 214.) | ||
| x | * | 1883a | Cope, E.D. (Dioplotherium manigaulti, n.gen.n.sp., Mioc., 52-54; cf. Halitherium, 54.) | |
| x | 1886 | Manigault, G. (Dioplotherium; discovery; 91-92.) | ||
| x | * | 1926 | Allen, G.M. (Halitherium, Metaxytherium; 455-459, pls. 2-3.) | |
| x | 1932a | Simpson, G.G. (review of fossil sirs.; 443-445.) | ||
| x | 1959 | Malde, H.E. (indeterminate sir.; Olig.; 19, 21.) | ||
| x | 1966 | Kellogg, R. (Mioc. sirs.; 78, 91-92.) | ||
| x | * | 1974a | Hartman, D.S. (TML; 47-53.) | |
| x | 1974 | Sanders, A.E. (Eoc.; m8.) | ||
| x | 1975 | Wray, P. (TML; pop. acc.; 21-22.) | ||
| 1980 | Roth & Laerm (TM; Pleist., Edisto) | |||
| x | 1980 | Sanders, A.E. (Halitherium, Metaxytherium; Olig.; 612.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Brownell & Ralls (TML; carcass salvaged; 153.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Domning, Morgan & Ray (Eoc. sirs.; 4, 6, 12-13.) | ||
| x | * | 1982 | Rathbun et al. (TML; 154, 156-157, 160-163.) | |
| x | 1986 | Domning & Hayek (Trichechus; Pleist.; m136.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Kinnaird, M.F. (TML; pop. acc.; 6-10.) | ||
| x | 1988a | O'Shea, T.J. (TML; 198-199.) | ||
| x | * | 1989c | Domning, D.P. (Dioplotherium manigaulti; ?Mioc.; 415-418.) | |
| x | 1997b | Domning, D.P. (Crenatosiren olseni; Late Oligocene, Charleston area; 397-399.) | ||
| * | 2005 | Domning, D.P. (Trichechus manatus bakerorum, n.subsp.) | ||
| 2010 | Beatty & Geisler (Protosiren sp.; Middle Eoc.) | |||
| * | 2014a | Vélez-Juarbe & Domning (Metaxytherium albifontanum, n.sp.; Late Olig.) | ||
| * | 2014b | Vélez-Juarbe & Domning (Priscosiren atlantica, n.gen.n.sp.; Early Olig., Puerto Rico & South Carolina) | ||
| * | 2019 | Domning & Beatty (Stegosiren macei n.gen.n.sp.; Olig.) | ||
| * | 2019 | Albright et al. (Sir. fossil record summarized) | ||
| Spain ( 52 ) | ||||
| 1881 | Maureta & Thos (Metaxytherium; Mioc.) | |||
| 1896 | Almera, D.J. | |||
| 1897 | Almera, D.J. | |||
| 1898 | Almera, D.J. | |||
| 1899a | Almera, D.J. | |||
| 1899b | Almera, D.J. | |||
| x | 1906 | Almera, D.J. ("Halitherium sp."; Middle Eoc.; 379.) | ||
| 1911 | Douvillé, H. | |||
| 1918 | Bataller, J.R. | |||
| x | 1919 | Gómez Llueca, F. (Metaxytherium Cuvieri; Mioc., Mallorca; 54-59, 61, 64.) | ||
| 1926 | Carbonell & Trillo-Figueroa | |||
| 1926 | Font i Sagué, N. | |||
| x | 1946 | Bauzá, J. (Metaxytherium cuvieri; Mioc., Mallorca; 376, pl. 18.) | ||
| x | 1949 | Colom & Bauzá (Metaxytherium cuvieri; Mioc., Mallorca; 91-92, pl. 7.) | ||
| 1950 | Via, L. | |||
| x | 1952 | Cañigueral, J. (Metaxytherium; Mioc., Mallorca; 387-390.) | ||
| x | 1956 | Bataller, J.R. (Metaxytherium cuvieri, Mioc., 24-25, pls. 6-8; Halitherium, Eoc., 25.) | ||
| 1956 | Marcet-Riba, J. (Eoc.) | |||
| 1959 | Crusafont-Pairó, M. | |||
| 1959 | Farrés & Ramirez (Eoc.) | |||
| 1961 | Farrés, F. (Eoc.) | |||
| 1962 | Farrés, F. (Eoc.) | |||
| 1967 | Reguant, S. (Eoc.) | |||
| 1969 | Calzada, S. (Metaxytherium; Mioc.) | |||
| x | * | 1973 | Crusafont-Pairó, M. (list & bibliography of sir. occurrences in Spain & Mallorca; 96-98.) | |
| 1975 | Crusafont-Pairó & Golpe Posse (Halianassa cuvieri) | |||
| 1988b | Pilleri, G. (Metaxytherium; Mioc.; pathology) | |||
| * | 1989 | Pilleri et al. (Catalonia) | ||
| 1989 | Pilleri, G. (Metaxytherium; Mioc., Cerro Gordo; endocranial cast) | |||
| 1992 | Galobart et al. | |||
| 1994 | Aragonés i Valls, E. (discovery of Metaxytherium catalaunicum in 1869) | |||
| 1997 | Montoya, P. | |||
| x | 1997 | Gómez-Alba R., J. (specimens in Barcelona; Metaxytherium, Mioc., 23, 45, 57, 61, 171-172, 174-175, 227; Prototherium, Eoc., 114.) | ||
| 1998 | Gómez, G. | |||
| 1998 | Sendra, J.R. (Mioc.; Crevillente) | |||
| 1998 | Sendra et al. (Plioc.; Almería) | |||
| 1998 | Gómez, G. (Eoc.) | |||
| 1999 | Sendra et al. (Metaxytherium serresii; Plioc.; Pilar de la Horadada) | |||
| 1999 | Astibia et al. (Eoc.) | |||
| x | 2001 | Bernal, F. (Metaxytherium; Upper Mioc., Mazarrón, Murcia; pop.acc.; 3.) | ||
| 2005 | Astibia et al. (indeterminate sirs.; Middle Eocene, Navarre; taphonomy) | |||
| 2006 | Astibia et al. (indeterminate dugongids; Middle Eoc., Navarre) | |||
| 2008 | Buffrénil et al. (Prototherium monserratense & undetermined dugongids; Eoc.; pachyosteosclerosis) | |||
| 2010 | Astibia et al. (indeterminate dugongids; early Middle Eoc., Navarre) | |||
| 2010 | Balaguer, J. (middle Eoc.; Tona, Spain) | |||
| * | 2012 | Sorbi et al. (Metaxytherium subapenninum; Plioc.) | ||
| 2016 | Fuentes-Buxó & Fuentes-Buxó (Girona; Middle Eoc.) | |||
| * | 2016 | Balaguer & Alba (Prototherium ausetanum, n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Catalonia) | ||
| 2016 | Gagnaison et al. (?dugongid; early Middle Eocene, Aragon) | |||
| * | 2018 | Diaz-Berenguer et al. (Sobrarbesiren cardieli, n.gen. n.sp.; Eoc., Huesca) | ||
| 2019 | Voss et al. (Girona; Middle Eoc.) | |||
| 2020 | Díaz-Berenguer et al. (Sobrarbesiren cardieli; Eoc.; hind limbs) | |||
| Sri Lanka ( 51 ) | ||||
| 1852-53 | Kelaart, E.F. (DD) | |||
| 1859 | Tennent, J.E. (DD) | |||
| 1861 | Tennent, J.E. | |||
| x | * | 1877 | Megasthenes (DD; early 3rd century B.C.E.; 55.) | |
| 1883 | Haley, A. (DD) | |||
| 1885 | Nevill, H. (DD) | |||
| x | 1895 | Thurston, E. (DD; 98-99.) | ||
| x | 1905 | Linstow, O.v. (DD; nematode Ascaris halicoris; Gulf of Mannar; m258.) | ||
| 1905 | Wiley, A. (DD) | |||
| 1914 | Millett, M.W. | |||
| 1926 | Rasanayagam & Mudaliyar (DD) | |||
| 1927 | Phillips, W.W.A. | |||
| x | 1928 | Prater, S.H. (DD; 85-86.) | ||
| 1933 | Deraniyagala, P.E.P. | |||
| x | 1951 | Crusz, H. (DD; trematode Indosolenorchis hirudinaceus; 135.) | ||
| x | 1953 | Fernand, V.S.V. (DD; dentition; 139.) | ||
| x | 1954 | Crusz & Fernand (DD; trematodes; 499-502.) | ||
| 1959c | Anon. (DD; Gulf of Mannar; killed with dynamite) | |||
| x | 1959 | De Silva, J.A. (DD; conservation; 173-174.) | ||
| x | 1959 | Spittel, R.L. (DD; captures; 174-175.) | ||
| x | 1960b | Anon. (Trichechus; proposed use for weed control; m5.) | ||
| x | 1960c | Anon. (Trichechus; proposed use for weed control; m70.) | ||
| x | 1960 | Crusz, H. (DD; pop. acc.; 300-302.) | ||
| x | 1960 | Jonklaas, R. (DD; status; 302-304.) | ||
| x | * | 1960 | Norris, C.E. (DD; distr.; 296-300.) | |
| x | 1960 | Spittel, R.L. (DD; sanctuary proposed; 304-305.) | ||
| xx | 1961 | Jonklaas, R. (DD; distr. & conservation; 1, 7-8.) | ||
| x | 1961 | Santapau & Abdulali (DD; m796.) | ||
| 1963 | Kulatunge, D. | |||
| 1965b | Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (DD) | |||
| x | 1966 | Thomas, D. (DD; meat imported from India; 80-81.) | ||
| x | * | 1969a | Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (Miodugong brevicranius; Mioc.; 97.) | |
| x | 1969b | Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (Miodugong brevicranius; Mioc.; 235-237.) | ||
| * | 1969c | Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (Miodugong brevicranius, n.gen.n.sp.; Mioc.) | ||
| x | 1970a | Bertram & Bertram (DD; 53-55.) | ||
| x | 1970b | Bertram & Bertram (DD; 362-364.) | ||
| x | 1970 | Howes & Bamber (DD; teeth; 327.) | ||
| x | 1971 | Hoffmann, T.W. (DD; protective legislation; m182.) | ||
| x | 1973 | Bertram & Bertram (DD; distr. & status; 308, 315-316.) | ||
| * | 1980 | Jones, S. | ||
| 1980 | Lal Mohan, R.S. | |||
| x | 1981 | Jones, S. (DD; distr. & status; 45-52.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Santiapillai, C. (DD; ecology & conservation; 2-6.) | ||
| 1983 | Jones, S. | |||
| 1984 | Leatherwood et al. (DD) | |||
| 1987 | Bertram, G.C.L. (DD) | |||
| x | * | 1989 | Leatherwood & Reeves (DD; status, distr., catch, conservation; 4-5, 7, 61, 64, 80, 82-91, 105, 129-132.) | |
| 2008 | Ilangakoon et al. (DD; Gulf of Mannar) | |||
| * | 2012a | Hines, E. (DD; distribution, status, & conservation) | ||
| * | 2013 | Yapa & Ratnavira (DD) | ||
| * | 2019 | Martenstyn, H. | ||
| St. Helena ( 10 ) | ||||
| 1679 | SEE Kitching, G.C., 1936. | |||
| 1703-05 | Dampier, W. | |||
| 1817 | Leech, T. | |||
| 1843 | Henry, W. | |||
| 1880 | Janisch | |||
| 1899 | Lydekker, R. | |||
| 1933a | Mortensen, T. | |||
| x | 1934 | Hatt, R.T. (occurrence of "manatees"; 560.) | ||
| x | 1934a | Mortensen, T. ("manatee" a sea lion; 417.) | ||
| x | * | 1936 | Kitching, G.C. (early records of "manatees"; 33-34.) | |
| Stamps, Sirenians on Postage ( 13 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO Appendix 3) | ||||
| 1962b | Anon. | |||
| 1977c | Anon. (DD; Kenya) | |||
| 1979b | Anon. | |||
| x | 1979 | Nishiwaki et al. (DD; Ryukyus & Tanzania; 141.) | ||
| x | 1981b | Hudson, B.E.T. (DD; Papua New Guinea; 131.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Maynes & Hudson (DD; Papua New Guinea; 4-6.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Riemer, D.N. (lists 11 stamps; 19-23.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Gomez, E.D. (lists 28 stamps; 121.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Marsh, H. (DD stamp proposed; Vanuatu; 4.) | ||
| x | 1991b | Kamiya, T. (DD; Ryukyus; 428-429.) | ||
| 1995 | Kataoka et al. (DD cancellation, 1989; Philippines; 59.) | |||
| x | 1996a | Domning, D.P. (lists 47 stamps & 2 coins; 372-374.) | ||
| 1996 | Kirk, G. (TS, Niger, 1962; 8-9.) | |||
| Stegosiren Domning & Beatty, 2019 ( 1 ) | ||||
| * | 2019 | Domning & Beatty (n.gen.; Olig., South Carolina) | ||
| Stegosiren macei Domning & Beatty, 2019 ( 1 ) | ||||
| * | 2019 | Domning & Beatty (n.gen.n.sp.; Olig., South Carolina) | ||
Steller's Sea Cow: Steller's Sea Cow: SEE Hydrodamalis gigas and synonyms ( 0 )
| Stellera, Bowdich, 1821 ( 4 ) | ||||
| * | 1821 | Bowdich, T.E. | ||
| x | 1840 | Baer, K.E.v. ("Stellere, G. Cuvier"; syn. of Rytina; m53.) | ||
| x | 1925 | ICZN (syn. of Hydrodamalis; 38.) | ||
| x | 1978b | Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis; 75.) | ||
| Stellerus borealis (Gmelin, 1788) Desmarest, 1822 ( 6 ) | ||||
| * | 1822 | Desmarest, A.G. (n.comb.) | ||
| x | 1825a | Harlan, R. (m279.) | ||
| x | 1835b | Duvernoy, G.L. (in classification; tab. 4.) | ||
| x | 1837 | Richardson, J. (m162.) | ||
| x | 1838a | Owen, R. (cecum, m32; lack of gall bladder, m34; heart, m35; lungs, m36; kidney, m39.) | ||
| x | 1978b | Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis gigas; 93.) | ||
| Stellerus Desmarest, 1822 ( 7 ) | ||||
| * | 1822 | Desmarest, A.G. (n.gen.) | ||
| x | 1825 | Gray, J.E. (in classification; m341.) | ||
| x | 1825a | Harlan, R. (m278.) | ||
| 1839 | Desmarest, E.? ("Stellurus"?) | |||
| x | 1840 | Baer, K.E.v. (syn. of Rytina; m53.) | ||
| x | 1872a | Gill, T. (syn. of Rhytina; m92.) | ||
| x | 1978b | Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis; 75.) | ||
Superstition: Superstition: SEE Religious, Superstitious, or Ornamental Use or Observance ( 0 )
| Suriname ( 31 ) | ||||
| 1613 | Harcourt, R. | |||
| 1667 | Warren, G. | |||
| 1695 | Berkel, A. van | |||
| 1718 | Herlein, J.D. | |||
| x | 1796 | Stedman, J.G. (TMM, 1: 221, 2: 175-176; "mermaid", 2: 176-178.) | ||
| 1807 | Quandt, C. | |||
| 1810 | Sack, A.v. | |||
| x | 1857 | Jäger, G. (TMM; skulls; 91, 97.) | ||
| x | 1857 | Rapp, W.v. (TMM; anatomy; 88.) | ||
| 1862a | Krauss, C.F.F. (TMM; osteology) | |||
| 1872 | Krauss, C.F.F. (TMM; pelvis) | |||
| x | 1872a | Murie, J. (TMM; in capt.; 192-193.) | ||
| 1887 | Jentink, F.A. | |||
| 1887 | Kappler, A. (TMM; in capt.) | |||
| x | 1887 | Martin, J.K. (TMM; 27.) | ||
| x | 1897b | Kükenthal, W. (Manatus Köllikeri, n.sp.; 40.) | ||
| x | 1949 | Sanderson, I.T. (TMM; 781.) | ||
| 1961 | De Jong, C. | |||
| x | 1963 | Bertram & Bertram (TMM; status; 90-91.) | ||
| 1966 | Vermeulen, J. | |||
| * | 1967a | Dekker, D. (TMM) | ||
| 1971 | De Jong, C. (TMM; exploitation) | |||
| 1973 | Husson, A.M. | |||
| x | 1973 | Sonoda & Takemura (TMM; 2 captured; 19.) | ||
| x | 1974a | Dekker, D. (TMM; 4 captured; 68.) | ||
| x | 1974b | Dekker, D. (TMM; gen. acc.; 1-3.) | ||
| x | 1977 | Bertram & Bertram (TMM; use for weed control; 107.) | ||
| x | * | 1978 | Husson, A.M. (TMM; distr. & natural history; 334-339.) | |
| x | 1986 | Domning & Hayek (TMM; possible morphological distinctiveness of Suriname population; 125-126.) | ||
| x | 1989 | Lefebvre et al. (TMM; distr., status, & biogeography; 587, 608.) | ||
| 1993 | Mohadin, K. | |||
| Switzerland ( 4 ) | ||||
| x | 1837 | Meyer, H.v. (Manatus Studeri, n.sp. [nomen nudum]; Mioc., Mäggenwyl; 677.) | ||
| x | 1847 | Meyer, H.v. (?Metaxytherium; Otmarsingen; 189-190.) | ||
| 1887 | Studer, T. (Halianassa studeri) | |||
| * | 1987 | Pilleri, G. | ||