Bibliography and Index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia 
N
| Nanosiren Domning in Domning & Aguilera, 2008 ( 4 ) | ||||
| * | 2008a | Domning & Aguilera (n.gen., Late Mioc.-Early Plioc., Venezuela & Florida) | ||
| x | 2013 | Lambert & Muizon (cf. Nanosiren sp.; Late Mioc., Sacaco Basin, Peru; m719.) | ||
| x | 2015 | Amson et al. (comp. w/ supposed sir. rib reidentified as sloth; 2.) | ||
| 2018 | Domning, D.P. (Nanosiren sp.; Mioc.; Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina; 251-255.) | |||
| Nanosiren garciae Domning in Domning & Aguilera, 2008 ( 2 ) | ||||
| * | 2008a | Domning & Aguilera (n.gen.n.sp., Early Plioc., Florida) | ||
| 2012 | Vélez-Juarbe et al. | |||
| Nanosiren sanchezi Domning & Aguilera, 2008 ( 2 ) | ||||
| * | 2008a | Domning & Aguilera (n.sp., Late Mioc., Venezuela) | ||
| * | 2012 | Koyabu & Sánchez (Late Mioc., Venezuela) | ||
| Natural Death or Injury ( 92 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Captivity, Sirenians in; Natural Enemies; Pathology; Temperature, Effects of) | ||||
| x | 1881 | Crane, A. (?TI; shattered humerus & spinal injury; 459.) | ||
| x | * | 1899 | Steller, G.W. (HG; ice, surf, rocks; 184, 198, 200.) | |
| x | 1904 | Freund, L. (DD; fractured metacarpals; 375-376, pls. 14-15.) | ||
| x | 1906 | Annandale, N. (DD; ?shark bite; m240.) | ||
| x | 1923a | Petit, G. (DD; scratched by shells; 77.) | ||
| x | 1928 | Prater, S.H. (DD; India; m88.) | ||
| 1931 | Loth, E. | |||
| 1931 | Slijper, E.J. | |||
| x | 1932 | Korschelt, E. (DD, rib fractures, 450; TML, lesion on radius, 451.) | ||
| 1936 | Slijper, E.J. | |||
| 1940 | Loth, E. | |||
| x | 1953 | Fernand, V.S.V. (DD; scars from ?coral or ?shells; 142.) | ||
| x | 1953 | Moore, J.C. (TML; Florida; calf; 121.) | ||
| 1959b | Anon. (DD; New South Wales; stranding; 49.) | |||
| x | 1960 | Mani, S.B. (DD; India; stranding; 216-217.) | ||
| x | 1961 | Silas, E.G. (DD; India; stranding; 263-264.) | ||
| x | 1962 | Marlow, B.J. (DD; New South Wales; stranding; 433.) | ||
| x | 1963 | Lal Mohan, R.S. (DD; India; strandings; 152.) | ||
| x | 1965 | Layne, J.N. (TML; Florida; cold & ?red tide; 166-167.) | ||
| x | 1967a | Jones, S. (DD; India; cyclone & salinity change; 217.) | ||
| x | 1972a | Anon. (TML; Florida; "played with" by porpoises; 4.) | ||
| x | 1973 | Bertram & Bertram (DD; Somalia; surf; m302.) | ||
| x | 1975 | Domning & Frye (Metaxytherium jordani; fractures; 2.) | ||
| x | 1975 | Pinto da Silveira, E.K. (TI; females killed by mating herds; 225.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Gallagher, M.D. (DD; Bahrain; cold, nets, oil, or seismic surveys as possible causes of death; 211.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Anderson & Heinsohn (DD; Australia; ?mass mortality; 20.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Odell et al. (TM; Bahamas; 292.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; gashes on belly, 38; mortality factors, 123-125.) | ||
| 1980 | Harper, H. (TML; Florida) | |||
| x | 1981 | Beck et al. (TML; Florida; mortality, 1978; 76-85.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Brownell & Ralls (TML; Florida; carcasses salvaged, 1974-77; 147-154.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Campbell & Irvine (TML; Florida; cold mortality, 1976-77; 86-91.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Irvine, Odell, & Campbell (TML; Florida; mortality, 1974-77; 67-75.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Powell et al. (TMM; Puerto Rico; calf stranded; 645.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Rathbun et al. (TML; U.S.A. north of Florida; starvation, cold; 153-154, 156.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Best, R.C. (TI; bowel obstruction during fasting; 62.) | ||
| x | * | 1983 | Bonde et al. (TM; salvage & necropsy manual; i-v, 1-175.) | |
| x | 1983 | Buergelt & Bonde (TM; toxoplasmic meningoencephalitis; 1294-1296.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Buergelt et al. (TML; Florida; necropsy findings; cold mortality, malnutrition, meningoencephalitis, periventriculitis, 1331-1334; red tide, 1334.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Buergelt, C.D. (TML; Florida; summary of necropsy findings, 1980-83; 28-29.) | ||
| x | 1984c | Marsh, H. (DD; Australia; stranding by cyclone; 106-107.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Robinson, N.H. (DD; New South Wales; strandings; 157.) | ||
| x | * | 1985 | O'Shea, Beck et al. (TML; Florida; mortality, 1976-81; 1-11.) | |
| x | 1985 | Packard, Frohlich et al. (TML; Florida; cold mortality; 16.) | ||
| 1986 | Marsh, Freeland et al. (DD; Australia; stranding by cyclone) | |||
| x | 1987 | Walsh et al. (TML; Florida; omphalitis & peritonitis; 702-704.) | ||
| * | 1988 | Beeler & O'Shea (TML; southeastern U.S.A.) | ||
| x | 1988 | Hasegawa, H. (DD; Okinawa; 23.) | ||
| x | 1988 | Ho, H.C. (DD; Singapore; strandings; 24-25.) | ||
| x | 1988a | O'Shea, T.J. (TML; southeastern U.S.A.; historical records of mortality; 186-187, 190-191, 199.) | ||
| x | 1988 | Rathbun et al. (TMM; Honduras; starvation in lagoon; 306-307.) | ||
| x | 1989a | Marsh, H. (DD; Australia; stranding by cyclone; 78-84.) | ||
| 1990 | Oliveira et al. (TMM; northeastern Brazil; mortality) | |||
| x | 1990 | Rathbun et al. (TM; northwestern Florida, 1982-85; 22-23, 30-32.) | ||
| x | D | 1990 | Repenning & Packard (Paleoparadoxia; Mioc., California; 199-203.) | |
| x | * | 1991 | O'Shea et al. (TML; Florida; red tide, 1982; 165-179.) | |
| x | 1993 | Brown, J. (DD; Australia; seagrass dieoff; pop. acc.; 11.) | ||
| 1993 | Geraci & Lounsbury | |||
| 1994 | Spielman, D. (stranding) | |||
| x | 1994 | Tilmant et al. (TML; Florida; no observed mortality from 1992 hurricane; 236.) | ||
| x | * | 1995 | Ackerman et al. (TML; Florida; mortality, 1974-1992; 223-258.) | |
| x | 1995b | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; scars, 207-210; ?sunburn, 210.) | ||
| x | * | 1995 | O'Shea & Hartley (TML; Blue Spring, Florida; early-age survival; 157-170.) | |
| x | * | 1995 | O'Shea & Langtimm (TML; Florida; adult survival; 194-222.) | |
| x | * | 1995 | Preen & Marsh (DD; Hervey Bay, Queensland; starvation; 507-519.) | |
| 1995 | Reid et al. (TML; Atlantic coast, Florida; reproduction & mortality) | |||
| x | 1996d | Anon. (TML; Florida; 1996 die-off ?due to red tide; 456-457.) | ||
| x | 1996 | Behler, D.A. (TML; southwest Florida; 1996 die-off; 16.) | ||
| x | 1996 | Holden, C. (TML; Florida; 1996 die-off due to red tide; 191.) | ||
| x | 1996 | Turner, R.O. (TML; southwest Florida; 1996 die-off; 27.) | ||
| x | * | 1998 | Bossart et al. (TML; Florida; 1996 die-off due to red tide; 276-282.) | |
| x | 1999 | Das & Dey (DD; Nicobar Is.; ?cyclone; 197.) | ||
| x | 2000 | Cowan, D.F. (TM; Texas; death from starvation & cold; 5.) | ||
| * | 2003 | Langtimm & Beck (TML; Florida; mortality from hurricanes) | ||
| 2003 | Dybas, C.L. (algal blooms) | |||
| 2004 | Parente et al. (TMM; Brazil; strandings) | |||
| x | 2005 | Flewelling et al. (TML; Florida; red tide, 2002: 755-756.) | ||
| 2005 | Raloff, J. (TML; red tide; gen. acc.) | |||
| 2006 | Langtimm et al. (TML; Florida; effects of hurricanes) | |||
| 2008 | Schwarz, L.K. (TML; determining perinatal status of carcasses) | |||
| 2008 | Meirelles, A.C.O. (TMM; Ceará, Brazil; mortality) | |||
| 2009 | Landsberg et al. (TML, Florida; Karenia brevis red tides) | |||
| 2009 | Joly et al. (TML; necropsies; cause-specific mortality rates) | |||
| 2010 | Sas & Baatz (TML; red tide; brevetoxin-2) | |||
| 2010 | Aragones et al. (DD; Philippines; strandings, 1998-2009) | |||
| 2012 | Sadchatheeswaran et al. (TML; southwest Florida; brevetoxin levels) | |||
| * | 2012 | Bonde, Mignucci-Giannoni, & Bossart (pathology & mortality assessment) | ||
| 2013 | Laist et al. (TML; Florida; warm-water refuges & cold stress) | |||
| * | 2019 | Martony et al. (TML; cold-stress syndrome) | ||
| 2019 | Martony, Isaza et al. (TML; cold-stress syndrome; measurement of core body temperature) | |||
| 2020 | Conceição et al. (TMM; Panaquatira, Maranhão, Brazil; stranding) | |||
| 2022 | Landsberg et al. (TML; Florida; Indian River Lagoon mortality event; clostridial infection) | |||
| Natural Enemies ( 82 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Natural Death or Injury) | ||||
| 1745 | Gumilla, J. (TMM; Guianas; "Tigres") | |||
| x | 1763 | Bellin, S. (TMM; Guianas; "Tigres"; m66.) | ||
| x | 1855a | Gervais, P. (TI; Amazonia; jaguar; 116.) | ||
| x | 1869 | Marcoy, P. (TI; Amazonia; jaguar; 2: 202-204.) | ||
| x | 1870 | Delfortrie, E. (Halitherium; Early Mioc., France; bones scarred by fish teeth; 261.) | ||
| x | 1871 | Farge, E. (Halitherium; Middle Mioc., France; bone scarred by sharks; 265-268, pl. 2.) | ||
| x | 1872 | Farge, E. (Halitherium; Middle Mioc., France; bone scarred by sharks; 412-416.) | ||
| x | 1872 | Kingston, W.H.G. (TI; Amazonia; jaguars; 184-190.) | ||
| 1875 | Barbosa Rodriguez, J. (TI; Brazil; jaguars) | |||
| x | 1875 | Marcoy, P. (TI; Amazonia; jaguar; 2: 235-237.) | ||
| x | 1886 | Portis, A. (Felsinotherium; Plioc., Italy; bones scarred by sharks; 357.) | ||
| x | 1906 | Annandale, N. (DD: India; sharks; m240.) | ||
| x | 1925 | Lee, I. (DD; Australia; sharks; 20.) | ||
| x | 1934 | Thomson, D.F. (DD; Australia; sharks; 242.) | ||
| x | 1935 | Barrett, O.W. (TMM, sharks, caimans, m218; DD, crocodiles, 219-220.) | ||
| x | 1937 | Johnson, E. (TS; Gambia; crocodiles; 63.) | ||
| x | 1937 | Promus, J. (DD; Australia; killing shark with tusks; 41.) | ||
| x | 1937 | Sunter, G.H. (DD; Northern Territory, Australia; dugong killing crocodile by falling on top of it; 60.) | ||
| 1939 | Patterson, E.K. (DD; Torres Strait; shark attack) | |||
| x | 1941 | Landa, D. de (TMM; Yucatan; bats; 191.) | ||
| x | 1944 | Pereira, M.N. (TI; Brazil; jaguar & shark only known predators; 63-65.) | ||
| x | 1948 | Bessac & Villiers (TS; Senegal; bitten by small fish, especially "Silures", but "friendly" with crocodiles; 189.) | ||
| x | 1955 | MacMillan, L. (DD; Australia; sharks, killer whales; 18.) | ||
| x | 1958 | Leakey, L.S.B. (DD; East Africa; crocodiles; m19.) | ||
| x | 1960 | Allsopp, W.H.L. (TMM; Guyana; immune to electric eels; 762.) | ||
| 1963 | Bertram, G.C.L. (Trichechus; South America; fish) | |||
| x | 1964a | Bertram & Bertram (TMM; Guyana; caimans, parrot-fish; m119.) | ||
| 1964 | Norwood, V.G.C. | |||
| x | 1966 | Jarman, P.J. (DD; Kenya; sharks; 84.) | ||
| x | 1966 | Kellogg, R. (Metaxytherium calvertense; Middle Mioc., Maryland; bones scarred by sharks; 67.) | ||
| x | 1967a | Jones, S. (DD; India; wounded by stingray; 219.) | ||
| x | 1967 | Welsby, T. (DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland; sharks, 2: 234; sharks eating drowned dugongs in nets, 2: 238-239.) | ||
| x | 1968 | Charnock-Wilson, J. (TMM; Belize; alligators; 293-294.) | ||
| x | 1971 | Kingdon, J. (DD; East Africa; sharks; 397.) | ||
| x | 1974 | Fondi & Pacini (Metaxytherium forestii; Plioc., Italy; bone scarred by ?shark tooth; 50-51, pl. 46.) | ||
| x | 1975a | Husar, S.L. (DD; Australia; carcasses not molested by sharks; m18.) | ||
| x | 1975 | Pinto da Silveira, E.K. (TMM, sharks; TI, jaguars, caimans, anacondas; 226.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Anderson & Heinsohn (DD; Australia; sharks, crocodiles, "porpoises", stingrays, stonefish; 19-20.) | ||
| x | 1978b | Domning, D.P. (HG; possible predators; 115-116.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Stanbury, P.J. (DD; Australia; shark, fide Dampier; 18.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Anderson, P.K. (DD; blood clotting & "skin hardening" as ?anti-predator adaptations, 127; scar from shark attack, 128, 131; sharks, ?crocodiles, ?killer whales, ?stonefish, 135.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Hartman, D.S. (Trichechus; South America; piranhas; m123.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Belitsky & Belitsky (TMM; Dominican Republic; sharks; 317-319.) | ||
| x | 1981b | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Australia; sharks; 103, 107.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Brownell, Anderson et al. (DD; Palau; carcasses scavenged by crocodiles; 34-35.) | ||
| * | 1982 | Rancurel & Intes (DD; New Caledonia; remains in tiger shark stomachs) | ||
| x | 1982a | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; association of sharks with groups of dugongs; 78, 82-83.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Barnett & Johns (DD; Queensland; sharks; 519.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Best & Teixeira (TMM; Brazil; ?shark bites; 45.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Boaz & Cramer (Metaxytherium; Plioc., Libya; sharks; pop. acc.; 37, 40-41.) | ||
| x | 1982c | Domning, D.P. (Metaxytherium serresii; Plioc., Libya; bones scarred by shark Carcharodon megalodon; 29, 32.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Ridgway, B. (cf. Halianassa; Mioc., Florida; bones scarred by sharks; 13, 15.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (DD; Australia; attack by tiger shark; 788.) | ||
| x | * | 1985 | Anderson & Prince (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; attacks by killer whales; 554-556.) | |
| x | 1986c | Anderson, P.K. (DD; pop. acc.; sharks, 162-165; dolphin harassing dugongs, 166.) | ||
| x | 1987 | Domning & Thomas (Metaxytherium serresii; Plioc., Libya; bones scarred by sharks; 209.) | ||
| x | 1988 | Reddacliff, G. (DD; Australia; cookie-cutter shark [Isistius]; 133-134.) | ||
| x | 1989 | Morgan, G.S. (Metaxytherium; Early Mioc., Florida; sharks; 33, 37-38.) | ||
| x | D | 1990 | Repenning & Packard (Paleoparadoxia; Mioc., California; sharks; 199-201.) | |
| x | 1993 | Loyer, B. (DD; Vanuatu; wounds from sharks; attempts to ?drown turtles; 55.) | ||
| x | 1995 | Reynolds et al. (TMM; Costa Rica; sharks; m195.) | ||
| 2001 | Heithaus, M.R. (tiger sharks; Shark Bay, Australia) | |||
| * | 2001 | Simpfendorfer et al. (DD; Western Australia; remains found in tiger shark stomachs) | ||
| 2001 | Heithaus, M.R. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; tiger sharks) | |||
| x | * | 2001 | Taylor, G. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; sharks; 36-37, 41.) | |
| x | * | 2003 | Falcón et al. (TMM; Puerto Rico; shark; 6-11.) | |
| x | 2004 | Aguilera & De Aguilera (early Mioc., Venezuela; scars of shark bites on sir. bones; 376-378.) | ||
| 2004 | Aguilera & Rodrigues (indeterminate dugongids; Mioc., Venezuela; shark predation) | |||
| * | 2007b | Wirsing et al. (DD; tiger sharks) | ||
| 2007a | Wirsing et al. (DD; foraging tactics & shark avoidance) | |||
| 2007c | Wirsing et al. (DD; foraging tactics & shark avoidance) | |||
| 2008 | Wirsing et al. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; foraging tactics & shark avoidance) | |||
| 2008 | Garrigue et al. (DD; New Caledonia; sharks; 86.) | |||
| 2009 | Rateau et al. (sharks; Metaxytherium medium, Mioc., Channay-sur-Lathan, France.) | |||
| 2011 | Wirsing & Ripple (DD; responses to tiger sharks) | |||
| 2011 | Wirsing et al. (DD; feeding and diving mode in presence of tiger sharks) | |||
| 2012 | Luiselli et al. (TS; Nigeria; habitat overlap with crocodiles) | |||
| 2013a | Diedrich, C.G. (Halitherium schinzii; Germany; shark predation) | |||
| 2013b | Diedrich, C.G. (Halitherium; Olig., Germany; shark predation) | |||
| * | 2020 | Reeves & Gillett-Kaufman (TML; Florida; bitten by mosquitoes [Aedes, Anopheles, & Culex]) | ||
| * | 2021 | Nowicki et al. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; tiger sharks; effects of apex predator removal and extreme climatic events) | ||
| * | 2021 | Feichtinger et al. (Metaxytherium cf. medium; middle Mioc., Styria, Austria; tiger shark (Galeocerdo aduncus)) | ||
| Nemodermus Rafinesque, 1815 ( 2 ) | ||||
| x | * | 1815 | Rafinesque, C.S. (n.gen.; nomen nudum; in classification; 60.) | |
| x | 1978c | Domning, D.P. (syn. of Trichechus; m578.) | ||
| Neodesmostylus Khomenko, 1928 ( 3 ) | ||||
| x | D | * | 1928a | Khomenko, J.P. (n.gen.; Pleist., Siberia; 519-520.) |
| x | D | 1941 | Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 153, 155.) | |
| x | D | 1963 | Mitchell & Repenning (not considered a desmostylian; m4.) | |
| Neodesmostylus primigenius Khomenko, 1928 ( 2 ) | ||||
| x | D | * | 1928a | Khomenko, J.P. (n.gen.n.sp.; Pleist., Siberia; 519-520.) |
| D | 1966c | Shikama, T. | ||
| Neoparadoxia Barnes, 2013 ( 2 ) | ||||
| D | 2011 | Harris, J.M. (ed.) (nomen nudum; 23.) | ||
| D | * | 2013 | Barnes, L.G. (new genus) | |
| Neoparadoxia cecilialina Barnes, 2013 ( 3 ) | ||||
| D | 2011 | Harris, J.M. (ed.) (nomen nudum; 23.) | ||
| D | * | 2013 | Barnes, L.G. (n.gen.n.sp.; Late Mioc., Orange Co., California) | |
| D | 2015 | Thomas & Barnes (Late Mioc., California; osteochondrosis; 28-31.) | ||
| Neoparadoxia repenningi (Domning and Barnes, 2007) Barnes, 2013 ( 1 ) | ||||
| D | * | 2013 | Barnes, L.G. (n.comb.) | |
| Nepus Fischer von Waldheim, 1814 ( 5 ) | ||||
| * | 1813-14 | Fischer v. Waldheim, G. (n.gen.) | ||
| x | 1840 | Baer, K.E.v. (syn. of Rytina; m53.) | ||
| x | 1872a | Gill, T. (syn. of Rhytina; m92.) | ||
| 1925 | ICZN (syn. of Hydrodamalis; m38.) | |||
| x | 1978b | Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis; 75.) | ||
| Nepus stelleri (Retzius, 1794) Fischer von Waldheim, 1814 ( 2 ) | ||||
| * | 1813-14 | Fischer v. Waldheim, G. (n.comb.) | ||
| x | 1978b | Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis gigas; 75, 93.) | ||
Nervous System: Nervous System: SEE Brain and Nervous System ( 0 )
| Netherlands, The ( 4 ) | ||||
| 1975 | Bosch et al. ("Halitherium" [actually Metaxytherium]) | |||
| x | 1977 | Hooijer, D.A. (Metaxytherium cf. medium; Mioc., Eibergen: 2, 12.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Hooijer, D.A. (indeterminate sir.; Western Scheldt; 261-262, pl. 1.) | ||
| x | 1999 | Erdbrink & Van Bree (indeterminate sir.; Western Schelde; 17-20.) | ||
| New Jersey ( 4 ) | ||||
| x | 1856b | Leidy, J. (Manatus antiquus; 165.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Miller, R.R. (TML; Long Beach Is.; netting; m53.) | ||
| x | * | 1989 | Gallagher et al. (Trichechus sp.; ?Pleist.; 107-108.) | |
| 2018 | Domning, D.P. (cf. Metaxytherium, Mioc.; Trichechus sp., ?Pleist.; 246.) | |||
| Nicaragua ( 17 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Central America) | ||||
| 1847 | Young, T. (TMM) | |||
| x | 1910 | Allen, J.A. (TMM; m89, m94.) | ||
| x | 1920 | Goldman, E.A. (TMM; 69.) | ||
| x | * | 1935 | Barrett, O.W. (TMM; 216-219.) | |
| x | 1965 | Jones, J.K., Jr. (TMM; Indian name; 354.) | ||
| 1973 | Nietschmann, B. (TMM) | |||
| x | * | 1976 | Loveland, F.O. (TMM; hunting, ritual & myth; 70-82.) | |
| 1978 | Magnus, R.W. (TMM) | |||
| x | 1982 | Wing & Reitz (TMM; at archeological sites; m16.) | ||
| x | 1989 | Lefebvre et al. (TMM; distr., status, & biogeography; 582-583, 606.) | ||
| 1994 | Carr, T. (TMM; distr., Miskito Coast) | |||
| * | 2000 | Jiménez P., I. (TMM) | ||
| 2002 | Jiménez P., I. (TMM; poaching) | |||
| * | 2003 | Jiménez P., I. (TMM) | ||
| 2005 | Jiménez P., I. (TMM; Costa Rica & Nicaragua; habitat use) | |||
| 2010 | Jamieson, M. | |||
| 2012 | Self-Sullivan & Mignucci-Giannoni (TM; status & conservation) | |||
| Norosiren Samonds, Ernat, Andrianavalona, and Domning, 2019 ( 1 ) | ||||
| * | 2019 | Samonds et al. (n.gen.; Mioc., Madagascar) | ||
| Norosiren zazavavindrano Samonds, Ernat, Andrianavalona, and Domning, 2019 ( 1 ) | ||||
| * | 2019 | Samonds et al. (n.gen.n.sp.; Mioc., Madagascar) | ||
| North America ( 18 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO under countries and states) | ||||
| x | 1837 | Richardson, J. (Manatus americanus, M. latirostris, Rytina borealis; m162.) | ||
| x | 1856a | Leidy, J. (Ischyrotherium, supposed sir. from Nebraska; 89.) | ||
| x | 1941a | Gunter, G. (TML; distr.; 60-64.) | ||
| x | 1942 | Gunter, G. (TML; distr.; 89-90.) | ||
| x | 1942 | Simpson, G.G. (fossil sirs. on Atlantic coast; m177.) | ||
| x | 1954 | Gunter, G. (TM; distr.; 543-544.) | ||
| x | 1974 | Domning, D.P. (fossil sirs.; southeastern U.S.A.; pop. acc.; 7-9.) | ||
| x | * | 1989 | Lefebvre et al. (TM; distr., status, & biogeography; 576-580, 589-591, 599, 603-605.) | |
| x | * | 1996 | Reid, J.P. (TML; Rhode Island; northernmost recorded occurrence in North America; 13.) | |
| 2001 | Valentine & Heck (Thalassia testudinum; NE Gulf of Mexico) | |||
| * | 2001 | Lefebvre et al. (TML, TMM; status & biogeography) | ||
| 2003 | Deutsch et al. (TML; movements & site fidelity along Atlantic coast of USA) | |||
| * | 2003 | Deutsch et al. (TML; Atlantic coast of USA; migration & site fidelity) | ||
| x | * | 2004 | Williams & Domning (TM; ?Pleist., Arkansas, Ohio; 167-176.) | |
| * | 2005 | Fertl et al. (TM; northern Gulf of Mexico) | ||
| * | 2008b | Domning, D.P. (sir. fossil record) | ||
| D | * | 2008c | Domning, D.P. (desmostylian fossil record) | |
| x | 2011 | Jackson & Thorpe (TML; Memphis, Tennessee; children's book; 1-26.) | ||
| North Carolina ( 22 ) | ||||
| 1858 | Emmons, E. | |||
| 1860 | Emmons, E. | |||
| x | 1875 | Cope, E.D. (Ontocetus emmonsii referred to Sirenia [actually Odobenidae]; 51.) | ||
| 1908 | Brimley, C.S. (TM) | |||
| x | 1919 | Stiles, C.W. (TML; in capt.; 658.) | ||
| x | 1931 | Brimley, H.H. (TML; captured, 1919; 320-321.) | ||
| 1946 | Brimley, H.H. (TML) | |||
| x | 1960 | Funderburg, J.B. (TML; Pleist. & Recent records; 521.) | ||
| 1960 | Smith et al. (TM) | |||
| 1965 | Caldwell & Golley | |||
| 1976 | Lee, D.S. | |||
| x | 1977 | Browne & Lee (TML; abstract of interview survey; 40.) | ||
| x | 1977 | Campbell, H.W. (TML; gen. acc.; 396-397.) | ||
| x | 1982b | Domning, D.P. (Ribodon sp., ?Plioc., 604; Trichechus sp., Pleist., 605.) | ||
| x | * | 1982 | Domning, Morgan & Ray (Eoc. sirs.; 4, 6, 13-17, 39.) | |
| x | * | 1982 | Rathbun et al. (TML; 153-154, 156, 160-163.) | |
| x | 1984b | Domning, D.P. (fossil sirs.; pop. acc.; 5.) | ||
| x | 1988a | O'Shea, T.J. (TML; 187, 198-199.) | ||
| 1989 | Lee & Socci | |||
| x | * | 1995 | Schwartz, F.J. (TM; 1919-1994; 53-60.) | |
| x | 1997b | Domning, D.P. (cf. Crenatosiren; Late Oligocene, Onslow Beach; 399.) | ||
| 2018 | Domning, D.P. (Metaxytherium crataegense, Nanosiren sp., aff. Corystosiren sp.; Mioc., Lee Creek Mine; 245.) | |||
Nutrition: Nutrition: SEE Digestive System; Food; Milk ( 0 )