Bibliography and Index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia 
B
| Bacteriology ( 43 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO Virology) | ||||
| x | 1968 | Lemire, M. (microbiological digestion; 504-514.) | ||
| x | 1969 | Frye & Herald (TI; Proteus vulgaris, P. morganii, Streptococcus spp., Edwardsiella spp., Clostridium prefringens; 1073.) | ||
| x | 1974 | Bartmann, W. (TM; Pseudomonas morganii, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus; 14.) | ||
| x | 1975 | Forrester et al. (TM; Pseudomonas, Edwardsiella, Escherichia; 567.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Boever et al. (TI; Mycobacterium chelonei; 927-929.) | ||
| 1978 | Boever, W.J. (TI; Mycobacterium chelonei) | |||
| x | 1979 | Tas'an et al. (DD; Indonesia; Aeromonas, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Aerobacter; 28.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Irvine et al. (TM; Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp.; 5.) | ||
| 1980 | Ohtomo et al. | |||
| x | 1981a | Beusse et al. (TM; Florida; Edwardsiella, Citrobacter, Proteus; 101.) | ||
| x | 1981b | Beusse et al. (TM; Florida; Citrobacter, Staphylococcus, Proteus; 118, 120.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Campbell & Ladds (DD; Queensland; Salmonella lohbruegge; 178.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Cardeilhac et al. (TM; Florida; Salmonella heidelberg; 144.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Elliott et al. (DD; Salmonella lohbruegge, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus; 203-208.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Jenkins, R.L. (TM; Florida; Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas hydrophila; 129.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Buergelt et al. (TM; Florida; Pseudomonas putrefaciens; 1333.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Cornide, R.I. (TM; Cuba; Leptospira antibodies; 1.) | ||
| x | 1985 | Morales et al. (TI; Mycobacterium marinum; 1230-1231.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Morales, P. (TI; in capt.; Mycobacterium marinum; 43-48.) | ||
| x | 1987 | Walsh et al. (TML; Florida; Streptococcus faecium, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Pseudomonas putrefaciens, Escherichia coli; 702-703.) | ||
| x | 1991 | O'Shea et al. (TML; Florida; Providencia, Proteus, Edwardsiella, Morganella, Pasteurella, Pseudomonas; 171.) | ||
| 1999 | Yamamuro, M. | |||
| 2001 | Solis et al. (Escherichia coli) | |||
| 2001 | Solis et al. (E. coli heat shock gene rpoH) | |||
| 2003a | Vergara-Parente et al. (TMM; upper respiratory tract; 124-130.) | |||
| 2003b | Vergara-Parente et al. (TMM; salmonellosis; 131-136.) | |||
| 2003 | Sato et al. (TML; in capt.; mycobacteriosis) | |||
| 2008 | Tsukinowa et al. (DD; in capt., Toba, Japan; fecal microbiota) | |||
| 2011 | Harr et al. (TML; Pasteurella multocida) | |||
| * | 2012 | Stamper & Bonde (TM; health assessment techniques) | ||
| * | 2012 | Eigeland et al. (DD; hindgut microbial communities) | ||
| 2012 | Mathews, Da Silva et al. (TI; Brazil; Leptospira spp. antibodies) | |||
| 2013 | Nielsen et al. (DD; Queensland, Australia) | |||
| 2013 | Nelson et al. (DD; gut bacterial community) | |||
| 2014 | Merson et al. (TML; Crystal River, Florida; hindgut microbial communities) | |||
| * | 2014 | Merson et al. (TML, Crystal River, Florida; hindgut microbial communities) | ||
| 2015 | Mathews et al. (TI; Peru; Leptospira infection) | |||
| 2018 | Reisfeld et al. (TI, in capt.; cutaneous mycobacteriosis) | |||
| * | 2019 | Suzuki et al. (TMM, in capt., Okinawa; fecal microbiota; comp. w/ TML.) | ||
| 2020 | Satyaningtijas et al. (DD; Indonesis; Anaplasma) | |||
| 2021 | Correa Neto et al. (TI; salmonellosis) | |||
| 2022 | Landsberg et al. (TML; Florida; Indian River Lagoon mortality event; clostridial infection) | |||
| 2022 | Rodrigues, Santos et al. (TI; Leptospira, Brucella) | |||
| Baja California ( 14 ) | ||||
| x | D | 1941b | VanderHoof, V.L. (Cornwallius; Olig.; 1985.) | |
| x | D | * | 1942a | VanderHoof, V.L. (Cornwallius sookensis; Olig.; 298-301.) |
| x | D | 1963 | Mitchell & Repenning (desmostylians; 11, 15-16.) | |
| D | 1964 | Allison, E.C. | ||
| x | * | 1965 | Kilmer, F.H. (Halianassa (?) allisoni, n.sp.; 57-58, 65, 70-71.) | |
| x | D | 1970 | Minch et al. (Desmostylus; 3149-3153.) | |
| x | * | 1978b | Domning, D.P. (Dioplotherium, Dusisiren, Hydrodamalis; Mioc.-Plioc.; 101-104, 147-149, 160-161.) | |
| 1983 | Morris, W.J. | |||
| x | D | 1986 | Applegate, S.P. (Cornwallius sookensis; Late Olig.; 157-158.) | |
| x | D | 1990 | Aranda-Manteca, F.J. (Metaxytherium, Desmostylus; Mioc., La Misión; 100, 103-104, 108, 111, pl. 3.) | |
| x | D | 1990 | Ferrusquia-V., I. (Desmostylus hesperus; Mioc.; 15, 17, 22-26.) | |
| * | 1994 | Aranda-Manteca et al. (Metaxytherium arctodites, n.sp.; Middle Mioc., La Misión) | ||
| D | 2002 | Jiménez-Hidalgo et al. (Desmostylus hesperus; Middle Mioc.; 53.) | ||
| 2008 | Barnes, L.G. (aff. Hydrodamalis sp.; Dugongidae indet.; latest Mioc.; 103.) | |||
| Behavior (General and Miscellaneous) ( 85 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Birth and Breeding; Captivity, Sirenians in; Locomotion; Migration and Movements; Sound Production; Respiration and Diving; and under species) | ||||
| x | 1876 | Chapman, H.C. (TM; in capt.; 459-462.) | ||
| x | 1880 | Murie, J. (TMM; in capt., 21-26; postures, 25-26, 45, pls. 5-7.) | ||
| x | 1881 | Crane, A. (Trichechus; in capt.; 456-460.) | ||
| x | 1885a | Woodward, H. (HG; gen. acc.; 464-465.) | ||
| x | 1905 | Townsend, C.H. (TM; in capt.; feeding, swimming, & when tank drained; 91, 94, 97.) | ||
| x | 1906b | Dexler & Freund (DD; play; 65.) | ||
| x | 1908b | Gudernatsch, J.F. (TM; in capt.; 228-234.) | ||
| x | 1916a | Anon. (TI; in capt.; swimming, when tank drained, etc.; 1421.) | ||
| x | 1920 | Beebe, W. (TM; Guyana; 730-732.) | ||
| x | * | 1922 | Golder, F.A. (HG; Bering Is.; eyewitness account by Khitrov; 238.) | |
| x | 1924-25 | Vosseler, J. (TI; in capt.; ?play, 222; general activity levels, 226-227.) | ||
| x | 1926 | Derscheid, J.M. (TS; in capt.; resting on back at bottom; 25.) | ||
| x | 1946a | Goodwin, G.G. (HG; 60-61.) | ||
| x | 1951b | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; intelligence & learning, 31-32; "kissing" & nuzzling, 32-33.) | ||
| x | 1954 | Lawrence, J.E. (TM; Florida; pop. acc.; 402-404.) | ||
| x | 1955 | MacMillan, L. (DD; Australia; gen. acc.; 17-19.) | ||
| x | * | 1956 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; 1-23.) | |
| x | 1957 | Burton, M. (TML; gen. acc.; 272.) | ||
| x | * | 1961 | Jonklaas, R. (DD; in capt.; 1-7.) | |
| x | 1961 | Silas, E.G. (DD; India; in capt.; use of flippers; 264-265.) | ||
| x | 1964 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; swimming; 7-8.) | ||
| x | * | 1966 | Jarman, P.J. (DD; Kenya; fishermen's accounts; 82-88.) | |
| x | * | 1967a | Jones, S. (DD; India; in capt.; 218-219.) | |
| x | 1967 | Oke, V.R. (DD; in capt.; 220-221.) | ||
| 1969 | Evans & Bastian | |||
| x | 1969 | Frye & Herald (TI; in capt.; under medical treatment; 1075-1076.) | ||
| x | 1969 | Hartman, D.S. (TM; Florida; gen. acc.; 342-353.) | ||
| x | 1969 | Herald, E.S. (TI; in capt.; 29-30.) | ||
| 1970 | Barada, B. (TM; Florida) | |||
| x | * | 1972 | Caldwell & Caldwell (TM; Florida; mating, 446-448; play, 450; diurnal activity, m452; feeding, 454.) | |
| x | 1972a | Hartman, D.S. (TM; Florida; 21-22.) | ||
| 1972b | Hartman, D.S. (TM; Florida) | |||
| x | 1976 | Allen et al. (DD; in capt.; sociality, "acrobatics", ?play; 39-40.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Ligon, S.H. (DD; Australia; no diurnal periodicity; 580-581.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Reynolds, J.E., III (TM; "body-surfing"; 211.) | ||
| x | 1977 | Harris & Bertram (DD; Abu Dhabi; caught in nets only at night; 5.) | ||
| x | 1977 | Nietschmann, B. (DD; Torres Strait; tidal cycles; 10-12, 14.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Anderson & Birtles (DD; Queensland; scratching; 15.) | ||
| x | * | 1979 | Anderson, P.K. (DD; review; 113-144.) | |
| x | 1979 | Barrett, S.K. (TM; Florida; near flood-control dams; 26.) | ||
| x | * | 1979 | Hartman, D.S. (TM; Florida; 17-61, 64-142; daily activity, 41-43; comfort activities, 86-92; social behavior, 95-114, 132-133; play, 43, 108-110, 113-114, 134-135.) | |
| x | 1979a | Reynolds, J.E., III (TM; Florida; 47-53; "body-surfing" & "follow-the-leader", 51; activity patterns, 52.) | ||
| x | 1981a | Anderson, P.K. (DD; behavior & conservation; 640-647.) | ||
| x | 1981b | Anderson, P.K. (DD; gen. acc., 91-111; resting, 98.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Brownell, Anderson et al. (DD; Palau; idling & daily activity patterns; 31-34.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Brownell, Ralls & Reeves (TM; Florida; research needs; 6.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Campbell & Irvine (TM; in capt.; decreased activity in cold weather; 89.) | ||
| x | * | 1981a | Reynolds, J.E., III (TM; Florida; 233-242; activity patterns, 235, 237-239.) | |
| x | * | 1981b | Reynolds, J.E., III (TML; Florida; social behavior, 436-449; "body-surfing" & "follow-the-leader", 444-445.) | |
| x | 1981c | Reynolds, J.E., III (TM; Florida; "body-surfing", "follow-the-leader", activity patterns; 28.) | ||
| x | 1982b | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; encounters with dolphins, turtles, & cormorants; 94.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Bengtson, J.L. (TM; Florida; daily activity patterns; role of behavioral tradition; 4668.) | ||
| x | 1983c | Kinnaird, M.F. (TM; northeastern Florida; temporal & spatial distr. of behaviors; 16-19, 34-37.) | ||
| 1983 | Krushinskaya & Lisitsyna | |||
| x | 1983 | Rathbun et al. (TM; Honduras; nocturnal due to hunting; 306.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Tiedemann, J.A. (TML; Turkey Creek, Florida; "follow-the-leader" & other play-like behavior; 6.) | ||
| x | 1984b | Best, R.C. (TI; activity budget; 374-375.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Colmenero-R. & Hoz-Z. (TM; Mexico; nocturnal where hunted; 976.) | ||
| x | 1988a | O'Shea, T.J. (TML; Florida; social organization & learning; 192.) | ||
| x | 1990 | Marsh & Rathbun (DD; Queensland; activity cycles; 91-93.) | ||
| x | 1991 | O'Shea et al. (TML; Florida; effects of red tide neurotoxin; 170, 172, 174-175.) | ||
| x | 1993 | Loyer, B. (DD; Vanuatu; observations on lone individual; 54-55.) | ||
| x | * | 1994 | Gerstein, E.R. (TML; in capt.; training, learning, memory, "games"; 10-21.) | |
| x | * | 1994 | Tschada, P. (TMM; in capt., Nuremberg; 33-50.) | |
| x | 1996 | Koelsch, J.K. (TML; Sarasota Co., Florida; focal animal observations, habitat selection; gen. acc.; 9-10.) | ||
| x | 1998 | Axis-A. et al. (TMM; Mexico; habitat use; 791-803.) | ||
| 1999 | Wells et al. | |||
| 2000 | Rattenborg et al. (unihemispheric sleep) | |||
| 2001 | Colbert et al. (TML; husbandry & research training) | |||
| 2005 | Lima et al. (TMM; training in management behaviors) | |||
| 2006 | Fellner et al. (TML; ex-situ behavioral extinction) | |||
| 2006 | Horikoshi-Beckett & Schulte (TML; in capt.; activity patterns) | |||
| 2007 | Kiszka, J.J. (DD; Mayotte, Comoro Islands; associations with dolphins) | |||
| * | 2008 | Mercadillo-Elguero et al. (TMM; Quintana Roo, Mexico; in semi-captivity; ethogram, rehabilitation) | ||
| * | 2009 | Sheppard et al. (DD; Australia; habitat use; tidal & diel cycles) | ||
| 2010 | Hénaut et al. (TMM; in capt., Mexico; activities & social interactions) | |||
| 2010 | Sheppard et al. (DD; Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia; habitat use & food choice) | |||
| 2013 | Franzini et al. (TI; Urucú region, Brazil) | |||
| 2013 | Kikuchi et al. (TI; in capt., Brazil; diving, feeding, locomotion; acceleration data loggers) | |||
| 2014 | Esenowo et al. (TS; Nigeria; behavior) | |||
| * | 2016 | Arévalo-Sandi & Castelblanco-Martínez (TI; Peru; interactions among calves in captivity) | ||
| 2017 | Landeo et al. (TI; Peru; captivity & release) | |||
| 2020 | Hénaut et al. (TMM; in capt., Mexico; learning capacities & welfare) | |||
| 2021 | Nowicki et al. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; tiger sharks; effects of apex predator removal and extreme climatic events) | |||
| * | 2021 | Brady et al. (TML; vocalizations related to behavior) | ||
| Behavior, Aggregative ( 87 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Aerial Surveys of Distribution) | ||||
| x | 1888 | Jentink, F.A. (TS; Liberia; 34.) | ||
| x | 1890 | Büttikofer, J. (TS; Liberia; schools of manatees dangerous to canoes; 2: 392.) | ||
| x | 1906 | Annandale, N. (DD; India & Andaman Islands; m241.) | ||
| x | 1923a | Petit, G. (DD; Madagascar; m77.) | ||
| x | 1924a | Petit, G. (DD; Madagascar; groups of 4 or 5; 126.) | ||
| x | 1929 | Prater, S.H. (DD; Andaman Islands; m987.) | ||
| x | * | 1935 | Barrett, O.W. (TM; Central America; 216-217.) | |
| x | 1936 | Lopes, A.P. (DD; Mozambique; herd of >50; 36.) | ||
| x | 1943 | Krumholz, L.A. (TM; Florida; 272.) | ||
| x | 1944 | Pereira, M.N. (TI; groups of 10-30 in mating season; 54.) | ||
| x | 1951b | Moore, J.C. (TM; Everglades, Florida; 23-25.) | ||
| x | 1953 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; 120-121, 156.) | ||
| x | * | 1956 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; 2, 4-23.) | |
| x | 1957 | Cadenat, J. (TS; Senegal; group of 15; 1369.) | ||
| x | 1961 | Jonklaas, R. (DD; Sri Lanka; 7.) | ||
| x | 1964a | Bertram & Bertram (TMM; Guyana; 117.) | ||
| x | 1965 | Layne, J.N. (TM; Florida; 166-168.) | ||
| x | * | 1966 | Jarman, P.J. (DD; Kenya; 83.) | |
| x | 1966 | Thomas, D. (DD; India; herds of up to 400-500; 80-81.) | ||
| x | 1967a | Jones, S. (DD; India; in capt.; 218-219.) | ||
| x | 1967 | Welsby, T. (DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland; herd "3 miles in length", 1: 105, 2: 234-235; "80 or more", 2: 234; "dozens", 2: 257.) | ||
| x | 1968 | Charnock-Wilson, J. (TM; Belize; 294.) | ||
| x | 1969 | Allsopp, W.H.L. (TM; Guyana; feeding in groups; 346, 348.) | ||
| x | 1969 | Hartman, D.S. (TM; Florida; 346.) | ||
| x | 1971 | Hughes & Oxley-Oxland (DD; Mozambique; 299-301.) | ||
| x | 1972 | Heinsohn, G.E. (DD; Australia; 208.) | ||
| x | 1973 | Cantley, R. (DD; Torres Strait; herds; 34.) | ||
| x | 1974 | Heinsohn & Spain (DD; Queensland; shark net captures; 148.) | ||
| x | 1974 | Mondolfi, E. (TM; Venezuela; aggregations in lagoons; 14-15.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Lipkin, Y. (DD; Red Sea; 94.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Heinsohn & Wake (DD; Australia; 17.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Heinsohn, Spain & Anderson (DD; Australia; 22-23.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Ligon, S.H. (DD; Australia; 580-582.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Paz & Ilani (DD; Gulf of Aqaba; group of 10-12; 74.) | ||
| x | 1977 | Campbell & Irvine (TM; Florida; feeding on uprooted seagrass; 250.) | ||
| x | 1977 | Harris & Bertram (DD; Abu Dhabi; herd of "100 or more"; 5-6.) | ||
| x | 1977 | Heinsohn et al. (DD; Australia; 239-240.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Anderson & Birtles (DD; Queensland; 6, 13, 20-21.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Anderson & Heinsohn (DD; Australia; questionnaire survey; 15-17, 20.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Heinsohn et al. (DD; Australia; 91-92.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Marsh et al. (DD; review of herd sizes; 166.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Australia; separation between individuals, 127; groups, 136, 141.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Hartman, D.S. (TM; Florida; group sizes; 94.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Leatherwood, S. (TM; Indian & Banana Rs., Florida; group sizes; 52.) | ||
| x | 1979a | Reynolds, J.E., III (TM; Florida; herd structure; 47-52.) | ||
| x | 1981a | Anderson, P.K. (DD; social interactions; 644-645) | ||
| x | 1981 | Elliott, M.A. (DD; Northern Territory, Australia; group sizes; 62.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Marsh et al. (DD; Wellesley Islands, Queensland; 263-265.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Nietschmann & Nietschmann (DD; Torres Strait; 58-59.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Prince et al. (DD; Western Australia; group sizes; 73, 75.) | ||
| x | 1981a | Reynolds, J.E., III (TM; Florida; herd size; 238-239.) | ||
| x | * | 1981b | Reynolds, J.E., III (TML; Blue Lagoon, Miami, Florida; herd structure & social behavior; 436-449.) | |
| x | 1981c | Reynolds, J.E., III (TM; Florida; group size & structure; 27.) | ||
| x | 1982a | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; group sizes; 76, 78, 82-83.) | ||
| x | 1982b | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; response to boats, 88-89; functions of aggregations, 97-98.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Irvine et al. (TM; western Florida; group sizes; 623, 625-627.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Rathbun et al. (TM; north of Florida; group sizes; 153-165.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Robineau & Rose (DD; Djibouti; 236.) | ||
| x | 1983a | Kinnaird, M.F. (TM; Florida; group sizes, 9, 12, 25, 28; in warm-water outfalls, 16, 25, 40.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Kochman et al. (TM; Crystal R., Florida; areas used for feeding, resting, social behavior, & travel; 108, 111-115, 117-120.) | ||
| x | 1983a | Shane, S.H. (TM; Florida; at warm-water sources; pop. acc.; 40-44.) | ||
| x | 1983b | Shane, S.H. (TM; Brevard Co., Florida; warm-season group sizes; 4-5, 8.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Tiedemann, J.A. (TML; Turkey Creek, Florida; 3, 6.) | ||
| x | 1984c | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Queensland; group sizes; 39.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (DD; Queensland; herd of 63; 775-776.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Nietschmann, B. (DD; Torres Strait; responses to weather; 640.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Shane, S.H. (TM; Brevard Co., Florida; at power plants; 182-185.) | ||
| x | 1985 | Bengtson & Fitzgerald (TM; Florida; keeping group together or greeting with vocalizations; 817.) | ||
| x | 1985 | Kochman et al. (TM; Crystal R., Florida; temporal & spatial distr.; 921-924.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Colmenero-R. & Hoz-Z. (TM; Mexico; correlated with salinity; 1008.) | ||
| x | 1986a | Marsh, H. (DD; Torres Strait; group sizes; 62-63.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Prince, R.I.T. (DD; Western Australia; group sizes; 9-11, 35.) | ||
| x | 1987 | Estrada & Ferrer (TM; western Cuba; group sizes; 3-4.) | ||
| x | 1988 | Provancha & Provancha (TM; Banana R., Florida; group sizes & causes of aggregations; 335-336.) | ||
| x | 1988 | Rathbun et al. (DD; Palau; group sizes; 268.) | ||
| x | 1989 | Bayliss & Freeland (DD; Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia; group sizes; 149.) | ||
| x | * | 1989a | Preen, A. (DD; Arabian region; group sizes; 42-46, 50-51, 58-60, 63, 75-78, 81, 84-86, 94-97, 101-102, 110-112, 181-183, 193-194, 200.) | |
| x | 1989b | Preen, A. (DD; Queensland; herd sizes; 383.) | ||
| x | 1991 | Lefebvre & Kochman (TML; Florida; use of Crystal & Homosassa Rs.; 299-304.) | ||
| x | 1991 | O'Shea & Salisbury (TMM; Belize; group sizes; 158.) | ||
| x | 1995 | Schuhmann, H.-J. (TS; Guinea-Bissau; groups of up to 15; m405.) | ||
| x | 1997 | Marsh, Harris & Lawler (DD; Torres Strait; group sizes; 1379.) | ||
| x | 1997 | Preen et al. (DD; Western Australia; group sizes; 190-191, 193.) | ||
| x | 1997 | Whiting, S.D. (DD; Northern Territory, Australia; group sizes; 19, 21, 25-26.) | ||
| x | 1999 | Miller et al. (TML; Florida; group sizes; 564-568.) | ||
| 2018 | Marshall et al. (DD; Qatar) | |||
| 2021 | Edwards et al. (TML; monitoring by unmanned aerial systems) | |||
| Behavior, Agonistic and Territorial ( 31 ) | ||||
| x | 1834 | Rüppell, E. (DD; Red Sea; males fighting in February & March; 113.) | ||
| x | 1869 | Marcoy, P. (Trichechus; South America; 2: 151.) | ||
| x | 1874b | Anon. (TM; Florida; defense against hunters; 446.) | ||
| x | 1875 | Marcoy, P. (Trichechus; South America; 2: 188-189.) | ||
| x | 1906 | Annandale, N. (DD; ?fighting for females; m243.) | ||
| x | 1923a | Petit, G. (DD; fighting for females; m77.) | ||
| x | 1924-25 | Vosseler, J. (TI; in capt.; preferred locations in tank; 221.) | ||
| x | 1940 | Pocock, R.I. (DD; possible use of tusks; 332.) | ||
| x | 1948 | Bessac & Villiers (TS; cow believed to kill or drive off calf if mated again before weaning; 188.) | ||
| x | 1953 | Fernand, V.S.V. (DD; use of tusks doubtful; 142.) | ||
| x | 1955 | MacMillan, L. (DD; fighting rare, 18; ?territory, m19.) | ||
| x | 1955 | Severin, K. (TML; in capt.; calf killed by adult; 149.) | ||
| x | 1956 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; ?agonistic behavior; 10-11.) | ||
| x | 1958 | Leakey, L.S.B. (DD; East Africa; in rivers; 19-20.) | ||
| x | 1961 | Jonklaas, R. (DD; territorial behavior; 6-7.) | ||
| x | 1967 | Welsby, T. (DD; supposed fighting with tusks; 2: 234.) | ||
| x | 1972 | Heinsohn, G.E. (DD; Australia; possible territoriality; 211.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Husson, A.M. (TMM; Suriname; overturning boats to get at bananas; 338.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Anderson, P.K. (DD; agonistic behavior, 127; ?home ranges, 140.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Hartman, D.S. (TM; Florida; 97-98, 105, 114, 133-134.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Bengtson, J.L. (TM; Florida; sex difference in size of home ranges; 4668.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (DD; fighting with tusks; 780.) | ||
| x | * | 1989b | Preen, A. (DD; Queensland; males fighting in mating herds; 384-386.) | |
| x | 1993 | Harling, R. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; lekking; pop. acc.; 10-11.) | ||
| x | 1994 | Gerstein, E.R. (TML; in capt.; 12.) | ||
| x | 1994 | Tschada, P. (TMM; in capt., Nuremberg; 35.) | ||
| x | 1995 | Anderson & Barclay (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; vocalizations; 1235-1236.) | ||
| x | * | 1997 | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; lekking; 433-462.) | |
| 1998 | Belcher, A. A. (DD; Vanuatu; butting people) | |||
| 2017 | Harms-Tuohy & Tuohy (TMM; Puerto Rico; aggression toward divers by mating herd) | |||
| * | 2021 | Lanyon et al. (DD; Australia; body scarring by tusks) | ||
| Behavior, Epimeletic ( 45 ) | ||||
| x | * | 1899 | Steller, G.W. (HG; protecting calves, 197; aiding wounded individuals, 199.) | |
| x | 1906 | Annandale, N. (DD; not observed carrying young; 243.) | ||
| x | 1918 | Cuní y Valera, L.A. (TM; Cuba; wounded animal helped by others; 95.) | ||
| x | 1923a | Petit, G. (DD; carrying young; 78.) | ||
| x | * | 1925 | Steller, G.W. (HG; aiding wounded individuals; 232-233.) | |
| x | 1928 | Prater, S.H. (DD; Red Sea; 84.) | ||
| x | * | 1929 | Prater, S.H. (DD; carrying young; 987.) | |
| x | * | 1937 | Barbour, T. (TM; Florida; teaching young to breathe; 107.) | |
| x | 1937 | Promus, J. (DD; Australia; herds protecting calves from sharks; 41.) | ||
| x | 1943 | Krumholz, L.A. (TM; Florida; bull ?diverting pursuers' attention from cow & calf; 272.) | ||
| x | 1944 | Pereira, M.N. (TI; making underwater hiding places for young, 56; male assisting at birth, 60; nursing >1 year, 60.) | ||
| x | 1946a | Goodwin, G.G. (HG; 61.) | ||
| x | 1948 | Bessac & Villiers (TS; believed to nurse >1 year unless mated again; 188.) | ||
| x | 1951b | Moore, J.C. (TM; teaching young to breathe, nursing; 27.) | ||
| x | 1953 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; 121.) | ||
| x | * | 1955 | MacMillan, L. (DD; Australia; teaching young to breathe; 18.) | |
| x | * | 1956 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; nursing; 19-20.) | |
| x | 1957 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; not teaching young to breathe; 137-138.) | ||
| x | 1958 | Leakey, L.S.B. (DD; East Africa; nursing upright in water; 20.) | ||
| x | 1958 | Loftin, H. (Trichechus; teaching young to breathe; 256.) | ||
| 1963 | Bertram, G.C.L. (HG, TI) | |||
| x | 1966 | Jarman, P.J. (DD; Kenya; position of nursing young; 83.) | ||
| x | 1966 | Thomas, D. (DD; India; holding & nursing young; 80.) | ||
| x | 1967 | Welsby, T. (DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland; mother protecting calf from shark & protecting netted calf; 2: 234-235.) | ||
| x | 1968 | Charnock-Wilson, J. (TM; Belize; nursing; 294.) | ||
| x | 1971 | Kingdon, J. (DD; East Africa; attempting to interfere with netting of other individuals; 397.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Australia; swimming positions of cow & calf, 129-130; protection of calves & ?communication of traditional knowledge, 137.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Hartman, D.S. (TM; Florida; 97, 133; cow-calf behavior & nursing, 110-114, 121-122, 137.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Dekker, D. (TM; in capt.; nursing, 23-24; protecting calf, 24.) | ||
| x | 1981a | Anderson, P.K. (DD; cow-calf behavior; 644.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Marsh et al. (DD; Australia; males on outside of herd; 265.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Odell, D.K. (TM; in capt.; nursing; 133.) | ||
| x | 1981b | Reynolds, J.E., III (TML; Florida; nursing, flight, protection of calves, 442-443; ?leaving calf alone while foraging, 443.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Santiapillai, C. (DD; Sri Lanka; cows trying to free calves from nets; 4.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Zeiller, W. (TM; in capt.; helping young to breathe; 109.) | ||
| x | 1982b | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; cow-calf behavior & nursing; 93.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Milne & Milne (TML; care of young; pop. acc.; 154-158.) | ||
| x | * | 1984a | Anderson, P.K. (DD; nursing; 510.) | |
| x | 1984 | Hall, A.J. (TM; Florida; photos of nursing & "grooming"; 405, 410-411.) | ||
| x | 1984b | White, J.R. (TM; in capt.; mother failing to help calf after birth; 372.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Colmenero-R. & Hoz-Z. (TM; Mexico; mother remaining near captured calf; 1010.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Kinnaird, M.F. (TM; bulls carrying calves with their flippers; 10.) | ||
| x | 1994 | Rosas, F.C.W. (TI, in capt.; helping another animal to breathe; 55.) | ||
| x | 1994 | Tschada, P. (TMM; in capt., Nuremberg; care of young; 46-48.) | ||
| x | 1995 | O'Shea & Hartley (TML; Blue Spring, Florida; lactation & weaning; 165-167.) | ||
| Behavior, Et-epimeletic ( 10 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Behavior, Ingestive) | ||||
| x | 1924-25 | Vosseler, J. (TI; in capt.; attempted nursing by calf on unrelated calf; 176.) | ||
| x | 1956 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; "greeting" by young, 17; nursing, 19-20.) | ||
| x | 1975b | Anon. (TM; nursing; 7.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Reynolds, J.E., III (TM; nursing; 213.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Hartman, D.S. (TM; Florida; alarm calls; 96, 99-100, 113-114.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Odell & Reynolds (TM; cow & calf, separated by dam, 575-576.) | ||
| x | 1981b | Reynolds, J.E., III (TML; Florida; nursing; 442.) | ||
| x | 1982b | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; nursing; 93.) | ||
| x | 1985 | Mühling, P. (TMM; in capt., Nuremberg; nursing; 14-15.) | ||
| x | 1994 | Tschada, P. (TMM; in capt., Nuremberg; nursing; 35, 46-47.) | ||
| Behavior, Ingestive ( 157 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Behavior, Epimeletic; Behavior, Et-epimeletic; Food; Mastication; Milk) | ||||
| x | 1861a | Du Chaillu, P.B. (TS; eating leaves fallen into water, & aquatic grass; 367.) | ||
| x | 1876 | Chapman, H.C. (TM; in capt.; 459, 461.) | ||
| x | 1878 | Brown, A.E. (TMM; in capt.; plants, 295; mud, 296.) | ||
| x | 1880 | Murie, J. (TMM; use of lips; 22, 26, 31-32, pls. 6-7.) | ||
| x | * | 1881 | Crane, A. (Trichechus; in capt.; 458-460.) | |
| x | 1885a | Woodward, H. (Trichechus; use of forelimbs; m458.) | ||
| x | 1895 | Bangs, O. (TM; Florida; feeding on mangroves & on shore; 787.) | ||
| x | * | 1899 | Steller, G.W. (HG; 185-186, 189, 198.) | |
| x | 1905 | Townsend, C.H. (TM; in capt.; eating from hand above water; 91, 94, 97.) | ||
| x | 1906 | Annandale, N. (DD; India; 242-243.) | ||
| x | 1906b | Dexler & Freund (DD, 55-57; manatee, 57.) | ||
| x | 1906c | Dexler & Freund (DD; feeding trails; 574.) | ||
| 1907 | Heilprin, A. | |||
| 1920 | Beebe, W. (TM; Guyana) | |||
| x | 1923a | Petit, G. (DD; Madagascar; 75.) | ||
| x | 1924-25 | Vosseler, J. (TI; in capt.; coprophagy, 122-123; use of lips, 125-126; feeding not only nocturnal, 226; DD, German East Africa, ?use of tusks, 225-226.) | ||
| x | * | 1925 | Steller, G.W. (HG; 230-232.) | |
| x | * | 1928 | Prater, S.H. (DD; browsing, 89-90; chewing, 92.) | |
| x | * | 1935 | Barrett, O.W. (TM; Central America; 217.) | |
| x | 1937 | Turner, J.P. (TM; Guyana; photo of animal feeding partly out of water; 498.) | ||
| x | 1939 | Coates, C.W. (TI; in capt.; food position preference; eating sand & mud; 143.) | ||
| x | 1940 | Pocock, R.I. (DD; possible use of tusks; 332, 336.) | ||
| x | * | 1944 | Pereira, M.N. (TI; feeding under floating meadows, 47, 56; bending down bushes with flippers, 57; feeding at bottom, 56-57.) | |
| x | 1946a | Goodwin, G.G. (HG; 60-61.) | ||
| x | 1948 | Bessac & Villiers (TS; believed to swallow 1 pebble per year; 189.) | ||
| x | 1956 | Harry, R.R. (DD; Palau; use of tusks; 22.) | ||
| x | 1956 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; nursing; 19-20, 23.) | ||
| x | 1957 | Gohar, H.A.F. (DD; Red Sea; ?use of flippers, 9, 42; use of snout bristles, 13; making & eating heaps of seagrasses, 42.) | ||
| x | * | 1959 | Jones, S. (DD; in capt.; feeding at surface, etc.; 200-201.) | |
| x | 1961 | Jonklaas, R. (DD; 4-5.) | ||
| x | 1961 | Silas, E.G. (DD; 264.) | ||
| 1963 | Bertram, G.C.L. (TM, HG) | |||
| x | 1964a | Bertram & Bertram (Trichechus; 118.) | ||
| x | 1966 | Jarman, P.J. (DD; Kenya; feeding trails; 86, 88.) | ||
| x | 1966 | Thomas, D. (DD; India; eating seagrass rhizomes; feeding with tail up; 80.) | ||
| x | 1967 | Oke, V.R. (DD; in capt.; feeding only at bottom or from hand; 220.) | ||
| x | 1967 | Welsby, T. (DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland; rooting & damage to oyster banks; 1: 103-104, 2: 239-240.) | ||
| x | 1968a | Bertram & Bertram (DD, 388; Trichechus, 389.) | ||
| x | 1969 | Allsopp, W.H.L. (TM; preferred growth habits of food plants; 345-346.) | ||
| x | 1971b | Domning, D.P. (hydrodamalines; Pacific; evolution; 218.) | ||
| 1972b | Anon. (TM; Florida; drinking fresh water) | |||
| x | 1972 | Heinsohn, G.E. (DD; Australia; calves grazing; 210.) | ||
| x | 1972 | Kenchington, R.A. (DD; Australia; calves grazing; 886.) | ||
| x | 1974 | Mondolfi, E. (TM; Venezuela; pulling grasses into water with flippers; 14.) | ||
| x | 1975b | Anon. (TM; Florida; nursing; 7.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Allen et al. (DD; in capt.; feeding only at bottom; 36.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Heinsohn, Spain & Anderson (DD; Australia; raising silt clouds; 22.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Ligon, S.H. (DD; Australia; feeding with tail up, raising silt clouds; m580.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Mármol B., A.E. (TI; Peru; eating vegetation on riverbanks; 32.) | ||
| x | 1977b | Domning, D.P. (North Pacific sirs.; evolution; 353-361.) | ||
| x | 1977 | Heinsohn et al. (DD; feeding habits; 237-238.) | ||
| x | 1977 | Marsh et al. (DD; feeding habits; 288-289.) | ||
| x | 1977 | Nietschmann, B. (DD; Torres Strait; seagrasses torn rather than cropped cleanly when tidal current strong; 10.) | ||
| x | * | 1978 | Anderson & Birtles (DD; Queensland; diving, silt clouds, feeding tracks; 8-13, 18-20.) | |
| x | * | 1978a | Domning, D.P. (TI; functional anatomy of lips, jaws, & neck; 57-69.) | |
| x | 1978b | Domning, D.P. (N. Pacific sirs.; 116-124, 131, 140-144.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Powell, J.A., Jr. (TM; eating flesh of fish & leaving bones; 442.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Anderson, P.K. (DD; different feeding modes for large & small seagrasses, 124-125; flippers probably not used, 125.) | ||
| x | * | 1979 | Hartman, D.S. (TM; Florida; 42, 44, 47, 51-58, 85-86, 95, 112, 122; drinking fresh water, 58-59; feeding partly out of water, 85; rooting, 90, 92; regurgitation, 93, 95.) | |
| x | 1979 | Tas'an et al. (DD; in capt., Jakarta; eating floating seagrasses; 8-9.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Belitsky & Belitsky (TM; Dominican Republic; silt clouds; 318.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Dekker, D. (TM; in capt.; pregnant female & calf; 21, 23-24, 26.) | ||
| x | * | 1980 | Domning, D.P. (TI, TML; food position preference; experiments; 544-547.) | |
| x | 1980 | Kataoka & Asano (DD; in capt.; feeding at bottom & surface; 270.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Marsh, H. (DD; Australia; ?non-use of tusks; 199.) | ||
| x | 1981a | Anderson, P.K. (DD; persistent grazing of preferred sites, 640-641; uprooting seagrasses, 641.) | ||
| x | * | 1981 | Best, R.C. (review; 7-24.) | |
| x | 1981 | Bingham, B. (TM; Florida; drinking from hose; pop. acc.; 90-91.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Kataoka & Asano (DD; in capt.; feeding at bottom & surface; 200.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Odell, D.K. (TM; Florida; in capt.; newborn calf; 131, 133.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Powell & Waldron (TM; St. Johns R., Florida; eating Eichhornia & Vallisneria; 49-50.) | ||
| x | * | 1981a | Reynolds, J.E., III (TM; Florida; 236-237, 240.) | |
| x | 1981 | Santiapillai, C. (DD; Sri Lanka; stones in intestines; 4.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Zeiller, W. (TM; Florida; in capt.; conditioning to press trigger to obtain fresh water; 104.) | ||
| x | 1982a | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; ?grazing scars in seagrass beds; 81-82.) | ||
| x | 1982b | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; eating Amphibolis leaves & not rhizomes; ?economization of energy; 90-91, 96-97.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Barnett & Johns (DD; Queensland; 522.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Marsh et al. (DD; Australia; food choice, 61-65; ?non-use of tusks, 65.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Rathbun et al. (TM; Georgia; drinking fresh water from dock; 153.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Scott & Powell (TM; Florida; commensal feeding by herons; 215-216.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Bengtson, J.L. (TM; food consumption in wild; experiments; 1190-1191.) | ||
| x | 1983a | Kinnaird, M.F. (TM; Florida; drinking fresh water, 25; feeding half out of water, 34.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Lainson et al. (TI; coprophagy as ?route of coccidial infection; 289.) | ||
| x | 1983a | Shane, S.H. (TM; Florida; photo of animal feeding on bank grasses; 41.) | ||
| x | 1984c | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Queensland; control by tidal cycle; feeding trails & completeness of seagrass removal; 39-40.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Lomolino & Ewel (TM; consumption rate; 177.) | ||
| x | 1984a | Packard, J.M. (TM; rooting & grazing seagrasses; 21-22.) | ||
| x | 1985 | Etheridge et al. (TM; chewing rate & time spent feeding; 21-23.) | ||
| x | 1985 | Reynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida; feeding partly out of water; 417, 421.) | ||
| x | 1986a | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; eating only leaves of Amphibolis vs. entire plants of Halodule; 478, 483-485, 487-488.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Colmenero-R., L. (TMM; Mexico; 595-597; feeding partly out of water, 596.) | ||
| x | 1986 | O'Shea, T.J. (TM; Florida; bottom-feeding on acorns; 183-185.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Prince, R.I.T. (DD; Australia; feeding trails & silt clouds; 15-16, 19-21, 27, 34-36.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Timm et al. (TI; Ecuador; use of flippers in feeding on emergent grasses; 151-152.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Williams, T.R. (DD; Papua New Guinea; making feeding trail; 65.) | ||
| x | 1989 | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; foraging on macroinvertebrates; 5-6.) | ||
| x | 1989a | Anon. (TM; Florida; drinking from hose; 187.) | ||
| x | 1989 | Baugh et al. (TML; feeding on Spartina; 89.) | ||
| x | 1989c | Domning, D.P. (rytiodontines & DD; use of tusks; 426.) | ||
| x | 1989d | Domning, D.P. (Xenosiren yucateca; use of jaws & tusks; 435-436.) | ||
| x | 1989a | Preen, A. (DD; Arabian region; rhizivory ?limited to soft sediments; 120-121.) | ||
| x | 1990a | Domning, D.P. (rhizivory experiments; 34-36.) | ||
| x | 1991 | Haigh, M.D. (TMM; Guyana; feeding partly out of water; 339, 342.) | ||
| x | * | 1991 | Provancha & Hall (TML; Florida; impact on seagrass beds; 91-97.) | |
| x | 1991 | Toledo & Domning (extinct dugongids; 135.) | ||
| * | 1992 | Colares & Colares (TI; in capt.; food preferences) | ||
| 1993 | Lee Long et al. (DD; Queensland; feeding trails to 23 m deep) | |||
| x | 1994 | Aragones, L.V. (DD; Philippines; timing of feeding, consumption weight, circular feeding scars; 713, 715.) | ||
| x | * | 1995 | De Iongh, Wenno & Meelis (DD; Indonesia; feeding tracks & foraging strategy; 1-19.) | |
| x | 1995a | Preen, A.R. (DD; Moreton Bay, Australia; excavating ascidians; 166, 168-170.) | ||
| 1996 | Lee Long et al. (DD; northeastern Australia; feeding at depths of at least 23 m) | |||
| x | 1996 | Lockett, J. (DD; cultivation grazing; pop. acc.; 20-21.) | ||
| x | 1996 | Supanwanid, C. (recovery of Halophila after simulated dugong grazing; 315-318.) | ||
| x | 1997 | De Iongh et al. (DD; Indonesia; ?cultivation grazing; 71-77.) | ||
| x | * | 1998 | Marshall et al. (TML; use of perioral bristles; 274-289.) | |
| x | * | 1998 | Marshall, Clark, & Reep (TML; use of facial muscles & bristles; 298-302.) | |
| x | 1998 | Ortiz et al. (TML, TMM; drinking fresh water from hoses; 450-452.) | ||
| 1999 | Mukai et al. (DD; Thailand; effects of grazing; carrying capacity) | |||
| x | 1999 | Nakaoka & Aioi (DD; Thailand; feeding trails; 98.) | ||
| D | 2000 | Werth, A. | ||
| x | * | 2000 | Lefebvre et al. (TM; Florida, Puerto Rico; use of seagrasses, % rhizome removal; 291-297.) | |
| x | * | 2000 | Aragones & Marsh (DD; Australia; simulated feeding trails & seagrass recovery; 277-288.) | |
| x | * | 2000 | Marshall et al. (TML; food-handling ability & feeding-cycle length; 649-658.) | |
| x | 2001 | Masini et al. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; Halodule; 189, 191-192, 194-195.) | ||
| 2002a | Whiting, S.D. (DD; Northern Territory, Australia; dive times) | |||
| 2002b | Whiting, S.D. (DD; Northern Territory, Australia; foraging on intertidal algae) | |||
| 2002 | Nakaoka et al. (DD; Thailand; impact of foraging on benthic animal communities) | |||
| 2003 | Marshall et al. (DD, TI, TMM, TS; orofacial morphology & feeding) | |||
| * | 2003 | Marshall et al. (DD, TI, TS, TMM; orofacial functional anatomy; 245-260.) | ||
| 2004 | Smith & Mezich (TML; Manatee Springs, Florida; effects of grazing) | |||
| 2005 | Spiegelberger & Ganslosser (TMM; French Guiana; bank feeding) | |||
| 2006 | Aragones et al. (DD; grazing optimization) | |||
| 2006 | Tsutsumi et al. (DD; passive acoustical monitoring) | |||
| * | 2007 | Domning & Beatty (tusks) | ||
| 2007 | Miksis-Olds et al. (TML; noise levels & foraging) | |||
| 2007a | Wirsing et al. (DD; foraging tactics & shark avoidance) | |||
| 2007c | Wirsing et al. (DD; foraging tactics & shark avoidance) | |||
| 2008 | Wirsing et al. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; foraging tactics & shark avoidance) | |||
| 2010 | Alves-Stanley et al. (TML, TMM; Florida, Belize, Puerto Rico; feeding preferences; stable isotopes) | |||
| 2010 | Hénaut et al. (TMM; in capt., Mexico; activities & social interactions) | |||
| * | 2010 | Sheppard et al. (DD; Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia; habitat use & food choice) | ||
| 2011 | Wirsing et al. (DD; feeding and diving mode in presence of tiger sharks) | |||
| 2011 | Diedrich, C. G. (placodont reptiles comp. w/ Halitherium & Dugong) | |||
| 2011 | Miksis-Olds & Wagner (TML; Florida; behavioral response to noise) | |||
| 2013 | Kikuchi et al. (TI; in capt., Brazil; acceleration data loggers) | |||
| D | 2015 | Chiba et al. (Ounalashkastylus tomidai, n.gen.n.sp., Olig.-Mioc., Alaska; cf. Vanderhoofius sp., Middle Mioc., Hokkaido; feeding adaptations) | ||
| 2017 | Mizuno et al. (DD; Philippines; feeding trails) | |||
| 2019 | Gonzalez-Socoloske & Olivera-Gómez (TMM; Tabasco, Mexico; food choice) | |||
| 2019 | Crema et al. (TI; Brazil; stable isotopes in bones, teeth, & milk; movements between habitats and water types) | |||
| 2019 | Marshall & Pyenson | |||
| * | 2020 | Yamato et al. (DD; automatic detection of feeding sounds) | ||
| 2020 | Hénaut et al. (TMM; in capt., Mexico; learning capacities & welfare) | |||
| 2020 | Fitt, W. (TML; Florida; eating sponge Chondrilla caribensis) | |||
| 2020 | Haase et al. (TML; Florida; traveling to thermal refuges & foraging constraints) | |||
| 2021 | Budiarsa et al. (DD; foraging behavior; influence of climatic drivers and anthropogenic disturbance) | |||
| 2021 | Nowicki et al. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; tiger sharks; effects of apex predator removal and extreme climatic events) | |||
| 2021 | Bullen et al. (HG; structuring of North Pacific kelp forests) | |||
| Behavior, Investigative, and Sense Perception ( 83 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Sense Organs; Sound Production) | ||||
| x | 1867 | Claudius, M. (HG & other sirs.; hearing; 1-12.) | ||
| 1868 | Claudius, M. (HG; hearing) | |||
| x | 1876 | Chapman, H.C. (TM; in capt.; sensitivity of ?smell; 454.) | ||
| 1878 | Brown, A.E. (TM; sensitivity of ?smell; 295.) | |||
| x | * | 1906b | Dexler & Freund (DD; hearing, 52, 64-66; touch, 53, 64-65; taste, 59; smell, 59-60; sight, 60-64.) | |
| x | 1912a | Matthes, E. (hearing; 597-599.) | ||
| x | 1923a | Petit, G. (DD; sight, hearing, smell; 77.) | ||
| x | 1924-25 | Vosseler, J. (TI; taste & smell, 123-124, 126, 179-180, 217-220; taste/smell experiments, 217-219; hearing, 220-221.) | ||
| x | 1929 | Petit & Rochon-Duvigneaud (DD; hearing, smell, taste, vision, touch, 130-132; vision, 137-138.) | ||
| x | 1946a | Goodwin, G.G. (HG; hearing; 61.) | ||
| x | 1951b | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; raising eyes above surface; 27-28.) | ||
| x | 1956 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; greeting; 11-12, 22.) | ||
| x | 1961 | Jonklaas, R. (DD; taste, 4-5; sight, hearing, 6.) | ||
| 1963 | Bertram, G.C.L. (TM; Guyana) | |||
| x | 1964a | Bertram & Bertram (TMM; Guyana; 118-119.) | ||
| x | 1967 | Oke, V.R. (DD; in capt.; response to gong; 221.) | ||
| 1967 | Scott-Johnson, C. (hearing) | |||
| x | 1976 | Reynolds, J.E., III (TM; communication, curiosity; 211.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Anderson & Birtles (DD; Queensland; raising head above water, 7, 16, 18; ?investigating observers, 16.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Australia; investigating observers; 137-138.) | ||
| x | * | 1979 | Hartman, D.S. (TM; Florida; exploration of habitat, 35-36; nibbling water hyacinth, 53; investigating disturbances, 59, 99, 128-131; investigating inanimate objects, 60-61, 127; chemoreception, 95-96, 118-120; hearing, 115-116, 128; vision, 116-118; touch, 118.) | |
| x | 1979a | Reynolds, J.E., III (TM; Florida; mechanoreception & body hairs; 52.) | ||
| x | * | 1980 | Bullock et al. (TI; auditory evoked potentials; 130-133.) | |
| x | 1980 | Lowell & Flanigan (chemoreception; 56-57.) | ||
| x | 1981a | Anderson, P.K. (DD; investigation & range of detection of boats & divers; 642-645.) | ||
| x | 1981b | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Australia; investigating observers; 105-106.) | ||
| x | 1981b | Reynolds, J.E., III (TML; Florida; hearing, 446-447; ?detecting water movement with body hairs, m447; vision, ?smell, touch, 448.) | ||
| x | 1982b | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; investigating observers; 88-89.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Cohen et al. (TM; possible color vision; 197-202.) | ||
| x | 1983b | Kinnaird, M.F. (TM; Florida; in capt.; experiments on responses to high-intensity sound; 3-4.) | ||
| x | * | 1983 | Piggins et al. (TI; vision; 121-127.) | |
| x | 1985 | Bengtson & Fitzgerald (TM; Florida; hearing sensitivity; 817-818.) | ||
| x | 1986a | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; investigating observers; 484-485.) | ||
| x | 1986c | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; investigating boats & divers; pop. acc.; 163-166.) | ||
| 1987 | Piggins, D. (TI; eyesight; pop. acc.) | |||
| x | 1988 | Fischer, M.S. (TM; ear & hearing; 375-377.) | ||
| x | 1989 | Packard et al. (TML; Florida; seeking warm water; 699.) | ||
| 1990 | Klishin et al. (TI; hearing) | |||
| 1990 | Popov & Supin (TI; hearing) | |||
| x | * | 1992 | Patton et al. (annotated bibliography of sir. hearing; 1-61.) | |
| x | * | 1992 | Ketten et al. (TML; hearing, 77-95; taste, 84, 92.) | |
| x | 1993 | Loyer, B. (DD; Vanuatu; investigating divers; "excited" by the color red; 54-55.) | ||
| x | * | 1994 | Gerstein, E.R. (TML; in capt.; hearing experiments, vision, touch; 10-21.) | |
| x | 1995b | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay; response to boat; 207.) | ||
| x | * | 1996 | Griebel & Schmid (TMM; in capt.; color vision; 2747-2757.) | |
| 1997 | Au, W.W.L. (TML; in capt.; hearing experiments) | |||
| x | 1997 | De Iongh et al. (DD; Indonesia; responses to boats & divers; 75.) | ||
| * | 1997 | Griebel & Schmid (TMM; in capt.; brightness discrimination; 1587-1592.) | ||
| x | 1997 | Mass et al. (TML; visual acuity; 392-394.) | ||
| x | 1998 | Bachteler & Dehnhardt (TMM; sensitivity of vibrissae; 44.) | ||
| x | * | 1998 | Marshall et al. (TML; facial bristles & hairs; 281-287.) | |
| x | 1998 | Reep et al. (TML; facial bristles & hairs; 271.) | ||
| x | * | 1999 | Bachteler & Dehnhardt (TMM; sensitivity of vibrissae; 61-69.) | |
| x | 1999 | Cohen, P. (TML; hearing; pop. acc.; 20.) | ||
| x | * | 1999 | Gerstein et al. (TML; underwater audiogram; 3575-3583.) | |
| x | 2001 | Reep et al. (TML; microanatomy of vibrissae; 1-14.) | ||
| 2002 | Gerstein, E.R. (TML) | |||
| x | * | 2002 | Reep et al. (TML; postcranial tactile hairs; 141-154.) | |
| 2003 | Marshall et al. (DD, TI, TMM, TS; orofacial morphology & feeding) | |||
| 2003 | Bauer et al. (TML; underwater visual acuity) | |||
| * | 2005 | Mann et al. (TML; temporal resolution of auditory system) | ||
| 2006 | Miksis-Olds & Miller (TML habitats; sound transmission loss) | |||
| 2006 | O'Shea & Poche (TML; underwater sound communication) | |||
| 2006 | Phillips et al. (TML; detection ranges for acoustic-based manatee avoidance technology) | |||
| 2007 | Miksis-Olds et al. (TML; noise levels & foraging) | |||
| 2007 | Hodgson et al. (DD; Australia; use of acoustic alarms to prevent accidental netting) | |||
| 2009 | Mooney et al. (auditory temporal resolution of white-beaked dolphin comp. w/ manatees) | |||
| 2009 | Colbert et al. (TML; sound localization) | |||
| 2009 | Miksis-Olds & Tyack (TM; noise levels & vocalizations) | |||
| 2011 | Kikuchi et al. (TMM; in capt.; avoidance of nets) | |||
| 2011 | Miksis-Olds & Wagner (TML; Florida; behavioral response to noise) | |||
| 2012 | Gaspard et al. (TML; audiogram & auditory critical ratios) | |||
| * | 2012 | Bauer et al. (TML, TMM; tactile discrimination of textures) | ||
| 2012 | Kikuchi et al. (TI; turning behavior; vision and tactile hairs) | |||
| 2013 | Marriott et al. (Sirs.; somatosensation, hearing, olfaction) | |||
| * | 2013 | Bills et al. (TML; anal glands; chemosensation) | ||
| 2015 | Rivera-C. et al. (TMM; Panama; hearing & vocalizations) | |||
| * | 2018 | Bauer et al. (review; 2-8.) | ||
| * | 2018 | Rycyk et al. (TML, Florida; behavioral response to boats) | ||
| 2020 | Hénaut et al. (TMM; in capt., Mexico; learning capacities & welfare) | |||
| 2020 | Hénaut et al. (TMM; in capt., Mexico; feeding behavior; learning capacities & welfare) | |||
| * | 2020 | Barboza & Larkin (TML; olfaction) | ||
| 2021 | Lucchini et al. (TMM; in capt.; role of touch) | |||
| Behavior, Sexual ( 55 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Birth and Breeding) | ||||
| x | 1869 | Marcoy, P. (Trichechus; South America; 2: 150-151.) | ||
| 1875 | Marcoy, P. (Trichechus; South America; 2: 188-189.) | |||
| x | * | 1899 | Steller, G.W. (HG; 189, 198.) | |
| x | 1923a | Petit, G. (DD; Madagascar; 77-78.) | ||
| x | 1924-25 | Vosseler, J. (TI; in capt.; 131, 175-180, 217; supposedly longer flippers of male used to embrace female, 175.) | ||
| x | * | 1925 | Steller, G.W. (HG; 231, 233.) | |
| x | 1935 | Barrett, O.W. (TM; Central America; 217.) | ||
| x | 1941-43 | Pereira, M.N. (TI; Brazil; mating; 102.) | ||
| x | * | 1944 | Pereira, M.N. (TI; mating herds; 58-60.) | |
| x | 1946a | Goodwin, G.G. (HG; 61.) | ||
| x | 1946 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; ?mating; 58.) | ||
| x | 1956 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; 12-15, 22.) | ||
| x | 1961 | Jonklaas, R. (DD; 7.) | ||
| 1963 | Bertram, G.C.L. (TM, HG) | |||
| x | 1964a | Bertram & Bertram (TMM; 119.) | ||
| x | 1966 | Jarman, P.J. (DD; Kenya; 83.) | ||
| x | * | 1967a | Jones, S. (DD; India; in capt.; 219.) | |
| x | 1968a | Bertram & Bertram (Trichechus; m390.) | ||
| x | 1968 | Charnock-Wilson, J. (TM; Belize; 294.) | ||
| x | * | 1972 | Caldwell & Caldwell (TM; Florida; mating herd; 446-448.) | |
| 1972 | Dieckman, L.E. | |||
| x | 1975 | Pinto da Silveira, E.K. (TI; mating herds; 225-226.) | ||
| 1977 | Balderamos, L.P. (TM; Belize; mating herd) | |||
| x | * | 1978 | Anderson & Birtles (DD; Queensland; 12-15, 20-21.) | |
| x | 1979 | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Australia; categorization of behavioral elements; 128-129.) | ||
| x | * | 1979 | Hartman, D.S. (TM; Florida; 16, 37, 43, 83, 86, 89-90, 95, 99-109, 114, 136-137; homosexual behavior, 99, 101, 106-108, 137.) | |
| x | 1979a | Reynolds, J.E., III (TM; Florida; estrous herds; 47, 50.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Dekker, D. (TM; in capt.; 21.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Telander, R. (TM; Florida; photo of mating herd; 34-35.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Jenkins, R.L. (TM; Florida; in capt.; mating; 129-130.) | ||
| x | 1981b | Reynolds, J.E., III (TML; Florida; mating herds; 441.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Zeiller, W. (TM; Florida; in capt.; mating; 109-110.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Bengtson, J.L. (TM; Florida; males patrolling large ranges in search of estrous females; 4668.) | ||
| x | 1984c | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Queensland; possible mating; 40-41.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Hall, A.J. (TM; Florida; photo of mating herd; 406-407.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (DD; review; 780-781.) | ||
| x | 1985 | Morales et al. (TI; in capt.; masturbation; 1231.) | ||
| x | * | 1989b | Preen, A. (DD; Queensland; mating; 382-387.) | |
| 1991 | Preen, A.R. (DD; Queensland; mating; pop. acc.) | |||
| x | 1992 | Marmontel et al. (TM, TI; 305-306.) | ||
| x | 1993 | Harling, R. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; lekking; pop. acc.; 10-11.) | ||
| x | 1994a | Frey, R. (copulation position; 152-153.) | ||
| x | 1994 | Gerstein, E.R. (TML; in capt.; 13.) | ||
| x | 1994 | Tschada, P. (TMM; in capt., Nuremberg; 36.) | ||
| x | 1995 | Anderson & Barclay (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; vocalizations; 1235-1236.) | ||
| x | 1995 | O'Shea & Hartley (TML; Blue Spring, Florida; mating herds; 160, 162, 168.) | ||
| x | * | 1997 | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; lekking; 433-462.) | |
| 1997 | Wakai, Y. (DD; in capt.) | |||
| * | 2002 | Anderson, P.K. (evolution of sir. mating systems; 55-98.) | ||
| 2007 | Adulyanukosol et al. (DD; Thailand; variation in reproductive behavior) | |||
| 2017 | Carvalho et al. (TI; mating herd) | |||
| 2017 | Harms-Tuohy & Tuohy (TMM; Puerto Rico; aggression toward divers by mating herd) | |||
| 2020 | Infantes et al. (DD; Thailand; reproductive behavior; use of drones) | |||
| 2021 | Emin-Lima, Costa et al. (TI; near Belém, Brazil; historical records; mating activity) | |||
| * | 2021 | Lanyon et al. (DD; Australia; body scarring by tusks) | ||
| Behavior, Shelter-seeking or Escape ( 117 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Hunting and Capture; Migration and Movements; Natural Death or Injury; Temperature, Effects of) | ||||
| x | 1874b | Anon. (TM; Florida; escape; 446.) | ||
| 1879-82 | Alston, E.R. | |||
| x | * | 1899 | Steller, G.W. (HG; 189, 198-199.) | |
| x | * | 1906b | Dexler & Freund (DD; escape; 52.) | |
| x | 1928 | Prater, S.H. (DD; Red Sea; 84.) | ||
| x | 1934 | Thomson, D.F. (DD; Australia; coming inshore to escape sharks; 242.) | ||
| x | * | 1935 | Barrett, O.W. (TM; Central America; escape, 217; habits changed by hunting, 216.) | |
| x | 1941 | Scholander & Irving (TM; Florida; jumping out of water; 170.) | ||
| x | 1943 | Krumholz, L.A. (TM; Florida; 272.) | ||
| x | 1944 | Pereira, M.N. (TI; making hiding places in summer under floating meadows, 46-47, 56; cow fleeing if calf harpooned, 61.) | ||
| x | 1953 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; 121.) | ||
| x | 1957 | Cadenat, J. (TS; escaping when surprised out of water; 1369.) | ||
| x | 1957 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; calves; 138.) | ||
| x | 1964a | Bertram & Bertram (Trichechus; submergence; 117-119.) | ||
| x | 1964 | Johnson, D.H. (DD; Arnhem Land, Australia; seeking protected waters; 507.) | ||
| x | 1965 | Lluch B., D. (TMM; Mexico; ?helping to deepen pools in lakes for refuge in dry season; 414.) | ||
| x | 1966 | Jarman, P.J. (DD; Kenya; seeking protected waters; 84.) | ||
| x | 1966 | Thomas, D. (DD; India; young ?staying farther from shore; 80.) | ||
| x | 1967a | Jones, S. (DD; India; favoring protected waters & lee coasts; 216.) | ||
| x | 1967 | Welsby, T. (DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland; fleeing from boats; 1: 105, 2: 234.) | ||
| x | 1971 | Kingdon, J. (DD; East Africa; avoiding rough water; 394-397.) | ||
| x | 1972 | Heinsohn, G.E. (DD; Australia; favoring protected waters; 207, 211.) | ||
| x | 1974b | Dekker, D. (TM; Suriname; swimming away from boats with "head and shoulders above water"; 2.) | ||
| x | 1975 | Pinto da Silveira, E.K. (TMM, avoiding shark attack; TI, deserting young when attacked; 226.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Lipkin, Y. (DD; Red Sea; feeding & resting areas; 88-90, 94.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Heinsohn & Wake (DD; Australia; favoring protected waters; 16-18.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Heinsohn, Marsh & Spain (DD; Australia; behavior when netted; 119-120.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Anderson & Birtles (DD; Queensland; sheltered feeding areas, 10, 17-18; response to observers, 15-16.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Anderson & Heinsohn (DD; Australia; seeking protected waters; 19.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Anderson, P.K. (DD; flattening against or hugging bottom, 128, 139; resting & calving sites, 132-133, 139-140; avoidance of SCUBA & boats, 138; effects of hunting pressure, 139.) | ||
| x | * | 1979 | Hartman, D.S. (TM; Florida; use of warm-water refugia, 17-27; estrous females escaping bulls, 37, 101-106; reactions to storms, 40; reactions to disturbances, fish, etc., 59-60, 96, 99-100, 113-117, 119, 126-128, 130-131, 135; at parturition, 110.) | |
| x | 1979a | Reynolds, J.E., III (TM; Florida; cows protecting calves; 50-51.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Belitsky & Belitsky (TM; Dominican Republic; ?avoiding exposed coasts; 317.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Dekker, D. (TM; in capt.; fright reactions of newborn; 24.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Sander, H.E. (DD; Papua New Guinea; changing feeding areas & feeding at night to avoid hunters; 15-16.) | ||
| 1980 | Wilcox, J.R. (TM; Florida; use of power plants) | |||
| x | 1981a | Anderson, P.K. (DD; movements in response to weather & disturbance, & for parturition, 641; avoiding boats & divers, 643-644.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Jones, S. (DD; India; sheltering behind islands; 50.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Nietschmann & Nietschmann (DD; Torres Strait; seeking protected & turbid waters; 58.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Powell & Waldron (TM; use of Blue Spring, Florida; 41-46.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Powell et al. (TM; Puerto Rico; favoring calm waters; 644.) | ||
| x | * | 1981 | Powell, J.A., Jr. (TM; use of Crystal R., Florida; 34-37.) | |
| x | 1981 | Rose, P.M. (TM; Florida; use of power plants, 1977-78; 22-24.) | ||
| 1981 | Shane, S.H. (TM; Florida; use of power plants) | |||
| x | 1982a | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; desirability of access to both shoal & deep water; 82.) | ||
| x | 1982b | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; avoiding boats & divers, 88-89, 93, 95-96; ?for parturition, 97-98.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Barnett & Johns (DD; Queensland; response to boats & divers; 521, 523.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Eberhardt, L.L. (TM; Florida; censusing at refugia; 3-4, 6-9, 15.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Watterlond, M. (TM; Florida; use of power plants; pop. acc.; 94, 96.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Kinnaird & Valade (TM; Florida; use of power plants; 1-24.) | ||
| x | 1983a | Kinnaird, M.F. (TM; Florida; avoiding boats, 16, 34, 46, 49; use of warm-water outfalls, 16, 25, 40, 48.) | ||
| x | 1983c | Kinnaird, M.F. (TM; Florida; avoiding boats; 7, 28, 34-35.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Rathbun et al. (TM; Honduras; moving out to sea during storms; 306.) | ||
| x | 1983b | Shane, S.H. (TM; Florida; use of power plants, 4-8; possible sheltering from boats & wind, 8.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (DD; calving in shallow water; 780.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Powell & Rathbun (TM; northwestern Florida; use of warm-water refugia; 10-13, 22.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Shane, S.H. (TM; Florida; use of power plants; 180-187.) | ||
| x | 1985 | Bengtson & Fitzgerald (TM; Florida; ?alarm vocalizations; 817.) | ||
| x | 1985 | O'Shea, Rathbun et al. (TM; Florida; escaping from nets; 337.) | ||
| x | * | 1985 | Packard, Frohlich et al. (TM; Ft. Myers, Florida; use of power plant; 1-20.) | |
| x | 1985 | Reynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida; use of power plants, 1982-83; 413-422.) | ||
| x | 1986c | Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; experiments to evaluate response to speeding boats & other disturbances; pop. acc.; 165-166.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Bayliss, P. (DD; Australia; higher densities in sheltered waters; 33.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Reynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida; use of power plants, 1984-85; 103-113.) | ||
| x | 1987 | Reynolds & Wilcox (TM; Florida; use of power plants; pop. acc.; 263-269.) | ||
| 1988 | Curran & Morris (TML; Florida; response to boats) | |||
| x | 1988 | Provancha & Provancha (TM; Banana R., Florida; avoiding boat traffic; 333.) | ||
| 1988b | Reynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida; use of power plants, 1977-1986) | |||
| 1988 | Weigle et al. (TML; Florida; use of power plants) | |||
| x | 1989a | Marsh, H. (DD; Australia; spinning & rolling when stranded; 79.) | ||
| x | * | 1989 | Packard et al. (TML; Florida; use of power plant, 1984-85; response to interruption of thermal effluent; 692-700.) | |
| * | 1990 | Buckingham, C.A. (TML; Crystal R., Florida; response to disturbance) | ||
| x | 1990 | Marsh & Rathbun (DD; Queensland; learned wariness of power boats; 91, 95, 98.) | ||
| x | 1990 | Rathbun et al. (TML; northwestern Florida; use of springs; 4-33.) | ||
| x | 1991 | Reid et al. (TML; Florida; movements among warm-water refugia; 180-190.) | ||
| 1993 | Steele & Kuhl (DD; Moreton Bay, Australia; warm-water refugia) | |||
| x | 1994 | Aragones, L.V. (DD; Philippines; sheltering from monsoons; 712.) | ||
| x | 1994 | Garrott et al. (TML; Florida; use of power plants, 1977-1992; 642-654.) | ||
| x | 1994 | Reynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida; use of power plants, 1982-1992; 163-177.) | ||
| x | 1994 | Tschada, P. (TMM; in capt., Nuremberg; use of space; 38, 40-41, 43-45.) | ||
| x | 1995 | Anderson & Barclay (DD; ?alarm calls; 1231-1232.) | ||
| x | 1997 | De Iongh et al. (DD; Indonesia; foraging in rough seas; 74-75.) | ||
| x | 1997 | Whiting, S.D. (DD; Northern Territory, Australia; sheltering from winds & ?sharks; 21.) | ||
| x | 1998 | Axis-A. et al. (TMM; Mexico; preference for sheltered waters; 800.) | ||
| 1999 | Buckingham et al. (TML; Florida; response to boats) | |||
| 2002 | Nowacek et al. (TMM; Belize; behavioral responses to vessel approaches) | |||
| * | 2004 | King & Heinen (TML; Crystal & Homosassa Rivers, Florida; harassment by swimmers) | ||
| * | 2004 | Nowacek et al. (TML; boat avoidance) | ||
| 2005a | Laist & Reynolds (TML; Florida; effects of warm-water refuges) | |||
| 2005b | Laist & Reynolds (TML; Florida; future of warm-water refuges) | |||
| 2006 | Langtimm et al. (TML; Florida; effects of hurricanes) | |||
| 2006 | Phillips et al. (TML; detection ranges for acoustic-based manatee avoidance technology) | |||
| 2007 | Miksis-Olds et al. (TML; boat avoidance) | |||
| 2007 | Hodgson & Marsh (DD; response to boat traffic) | |||
| 2007a | Wirsing et al. (DD; foraging tactics & shark avoidance) | |||
| 2007c | Wirsing et al. (DD; foraging tactics & shark avoidance) | |||
| 2008 | Wirsing et al. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; foraging tactics & shark avoidance) | |||
| x | * | 2008 | Turner, L.M. (HG; Attu; killed by women; 106-107.) | |
| 2010 | Gibbs et al. (TML; Blue Spring, Florida; disturbance by invasive catfish) | |||
| 2010 | Alvarez-A. et al. (TML; Cuba; use of power plant) | |||
| 2010 | Lanyon et al. (DD; Queensland, Australia; pursuit for skin sampling) | |||
| 2011 | Wirsing & Ripple (DD; responses to tiger sharks) | |||
| 2011 | Wirsing et al. (DD; feeding and diving mode in presence of tiger sharks) | |||
| * | 2011 | Slone, D. (TML; Florida; inverted haloclines as warm-water refugia) | ||
| 2011 | Miksis-Olds & Wagner (TML; Florida; behavioral response to noise) | |||
| 2011 | Stith et al. (TML; southwest Florida; warm-water refugia; temperature-inverted haloclines) | |||
| 2012 | Stith et al. (TML; Florida; passive thermal refugia) | |||
| * | 2013 | Laist et al. (TML; Florida; warm-water refuges) | ||
| 2014 | Kleen & Breland (TML; Citrus County & Kings Bay, Florida; seasonal use of warm-water refuge) | |||
| 2014 | Lima et al. (sir. reactions to oncoming vehicles) | |||
| x | 2015 | Malakar et al. (DD; Andaman Islands, India; 7177.) | ||
| 2017 | Slone et al. (TML; Florida; warm-water refuge use; GPS telemetry) | |||
| * | 2018 | Ramos et al. (TMM; Belize; response to drones) | ||
| 2018 | Carr& Milstein (TML; Florida; power plants as thermal refuges) | |||
| * | 2018 | Rycyk et al. (TML, Florida; behavioral response to boats) | ||
| 2019 | Littles et al. (TML; Florida; movements in and out of winter refuge) | |||
| * | 2020 | Haase et al. (TML; Florida; traveling to thermal refuges & foraging constraints) | ||
| Behemotops Domning, Ray, and McKenna, 1986 ( 13 ) | ||||
| D | v | 1984c | Inuzuka, N. | |
| x | D | * | 1986 | Domning et al. (n.gen.; 6.) |
| x | D | 1988 | Saito et al. (Late Olig., Hokkaido, Japan; 269-273.) | |
| D | 1989a | Inuzuka, N. (Hokkaido) | ||
| x | D | 1991 | Kumar, K. (comp. w/ anthracobunids; m236.) | |
| D | 1996 | Inuzuka, N. (body size & mass estimates) | ||
| x | D | 1996 | Kozawa et al. (enamel structure; 354, 356-357.) | |
| x | D | 1997c | Domning, D.P. (biostratigraphic utility; m179.) | |
| D | 2013 | Hayashi et al. (bone histology & aquatic adaptation) | ||
| D | 2013 | Barnes, L.G. | ||
| D | 2013 | Inuzuka, N. (comp. w/ Desmostylus & Paleoparadoxia; osteology, paleoecological restoration) | ||
| D | * | 2015 | Beatty & Cockburn (Behemotops cf. proteus, Olig., Vancouver Is., British Columbia; Seuku, n.gen., Seuku emlongi, n.comb., Olig., Oregon) | |
| D | 2021 | Avilla & Mothé (in phylogenetic analysis of Afrotheria) | ||
| Behemotops emlongi Domning, Ray, and McKenna, 1986 ( 7 ) | ||||
| x | D | * | 1986 | Domning et al. (n.gen.n.sp.; comp. w/ B. proteus, 6, 16-19, 23-33, 36, 45; paleoecology, 48.) |
| x | D | 1988 | Saito et al. (m269-270, 272.) | |
| x | D | 1991 | Clark, J.M. (comp. w/ Paleoparadoxia weltoni; 490-493, 498, 502-504.) | |
| x | D | 1992 | Thewissen & Domning (m495.) | |
| D | * | 1994 | Ray et al. (syn. of B. proteus) | |
| D | 2013 | Barnes, L.G. | ||
| D | * | 2015 | Beatty & Cockburn (referred to Seuku, n.gen., Seuku emlongi, n.comb.) | |
| Behemotops katsuiei Inuzuka, 2000 ( 7 ) | ||||
| D | * | 2000b | Inuzuka, N. (n.sp.) | |
| x | D | 2001d | Domning, D.P. (tibia; 25.) | |
| D | * | 2006 | Inuzuka, N. | |
| D | 2013 | Barnes, L.G. | ||
| D | 2014 | Cooper et al. | ||
| D | 2015 | Beatty & Cockburn (comp. w/ Behemotops cf. proteus, Olig., Vancouver Is., British Columbia; Seuku, n.gen., Seuku emlongi, n.comb., Olig., Oregon) | ||
| D | 2015 | Houssaye et al. (osteosclerosis) | ||
| Behemotops proteus Domning, Ray, and McKenna, 1986 ( 9 ) | ||||
| x | D | * | 1986 | Domning et al. (n.gen.n.sp.; comp. w/ B. emlongi; 6-23, 27, 29, 31, 33, 36, 45-46.) |
| x | D | 1988 | Saito et al. (m269-270, 272.) | |
| x | D | 1989a | Domning, D.P. (distr. & feeding on kelp; 53.) | |
| x | D | 1991 | Clark, J.M. (comp. w/ Paleoparadoxia weltoni; 490-493, 500, 502-504.) | |
| x | D | 1992 | Thewissen & Domning (m495.) | |
| * | 1994 | Ray et al. (new specimen; Olig., Washington) | ||
| x | D | 1996 | Barnes & Goedert (Olig., Washington; pop. acc.; 17, 19, 21.) | |
| D | 2013 | Barnes, L.G. | ||
| D | * | 2015 | Beatty & Cockburn (Behemotops cf. proteus, Olig., Vancouver Is., British Columbia) | |
| Behemotopsidae Inuzuka, 1987 ( 0 ) |
| Behemotopsinae (Inuzuka, 1987) Barnes, 2013 ( 1 ) | ||||
| D | * | 2013 | Barnes, L.G. (new rank) | |
| Belgium ( 8 ) | ||||
| 1868 | Du Bus, B.-A.-L. (Halitherium) | |||
| 1871 | Van Beneden, P.J. | |||
| x | * | 1886b | Hartlaub, C. (Manatherium delheidi, n.gen.n.sp.; Olig.; 369-370.) | |
| x | * | 1889b | Dollo, L. (Miosiren kocki, n.gen.n.sp.; Mioc.; 415-416.) | |
| x | 1889 | Lefèvre, T. (Olig. sir. fauna; 197-200.) | ||
| x | 1925 | Abel, O. (Halitherium Uytterhoeveni, n.sp. [nomen nudum]; Olig.; 39.) | ||
| * | 1934b | Sickenberg, O. | ||
| x | 1957 | Kellogg & Whitmore (Miosiren; Mioc.; ecology; 1021.) | ||
| Belize ( 51 ) | ||||
| (formerly British Honduras) (SEE ALSO: Central America) | ||||
| x | 1825a | Harlan, R. (TMM; 278.) | ||
| x | 1861 | Möbius, K. (TMM; rostral pads; 148.) | ||
| x | 1863 | McBain, J. (TMM; skull; 261.) | ||
| x | 1911 | Gann, T.W.F. (TMM; at archaeological site; 78, 82.) | ||
| 1918 | Gann, T.W.F. | |||
| 1931 | Mitchell-Hedges, F.W. (TM) | |||
| x | 1935 | Murie, A. (TMM; 30.) | ||
| 1951 | Taylor, D.M. | |||
| 1966 | Craig, A.K. | |||
| x | 1968 | Charnock-Wilson, J. (TMM; 293-294, pls. 13-14.) | ||
| x | 1969 | Allsopp, W.H.L. (TMM; natural clearance of weeds; 348.) | ||
| x | 1970 | Charnock-Wilson, J. (TMM; 236.) | ||
| 1972 | Dieckman, L.E. | |||
| x | 1973 | Bertram & Bertram (TM; status; 319.) | ||
| 1974 | Charnock-Wilson et al. (TMM) | |||
| x | 1975 | Kirkpatrick & Cartwright (TMM; m139.) | ||
| 1976? | Anon. | |||
| 1977 | Balderamos, L.P. | |||
| 1977 | Frost, M.D. (TMM) | |||
| x | 1979 | Bengtson & Magor (TMM; aerial survey; 230-232.) | ||
| 1980 | Scott, K.W. | |||
| 1984 | McKillop, H.I. | |||
| 1986 | McCarthy, T.J. | |||
| 1987 | Bertram, G.C.L. (TMM) | |||
| x | 1989 | Lefebvre et al. (TMM; distr., status, & biogeography; 580-581, 606.) | ||
| x | * | 1991 | O'Shea & Salisbury (TMM; status & distr.; 156-164.) | |
| 1992? | Boardman, B. (TMM; Gales Point) | |||
| x | 1995 | Wille, C. (TMM; pop. acc.; 16-23.) | ||
| x | 1999 | Maynard, T. (TM; pop. acc.; 36-37.) | ||
| x | 2000 | Beveridge, J. (TMM; photos; 45.) | ||
| 2000 | Morales & Olivera (TMM) | |||
| 2000 | Platt et al. (TMM; Turneffe Atoll) | |||
| 2002 | Nowacek et al. (TMM; behavioral responses to vessel approaches) | |||
| 2004 | Self-Sullivan et al. (TMM; seasonal occurrence of males on Belize Barrier Reef) | |||
| 2008 | LaCommare et al. (TMM; habitat use) | |||
| 2010 | Alves-Stanley et al. (TMM; feeding preferences; stable isotopes) | |||
| * | 2010 | Hunter, Auil et al. (TMM; genetic diversity) | ||
| 2011 | Auil Gomez, N. E. (TMM; anthropogenic threats) | |||
| 2011 | LaCommare, K. S. (TMM; conservation & habitat ecology) | |||
| 2011 | Donà et al. (TMM; seroepidemiology of papillomavirus) | |||
| 2012 | LaCommare et al. (TMM; population monitoring) | |||
| 2012 | Castelblanco-M., Padilla-S., et al. (TMM; movement patterns, use of habitat) | |||
| 2012 | Sulzner et al. (TMM; hematology, immunology) | |||
| 2012 | Wong et al. (TMM; oral temperature, heart & respiration rate) | |||
| 2016 | Takeuchi et al. (TM; trace metals) | |||
| * | 2016 | Ramos et al. (TMM) | ||
| * | 2017 | Allen et al. (TMM; diet) | ||
| 2018 | Ramos et al. (TMM; response to drones) | |||
| 2020 | Landeo-Yauri et al. (TML; photo-identification by drones) | |||
| 2020 | Ramos et al. (TMM; ultrasonic vocalizations) | |||
| 2020 | Corona-Figueroa et al. (TMM; Hondo River, Belize & Mexico; habitat use) | |||
| Bering Sea ( 44 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Alaska; Asia; Hydrodamalis and synonyms; Pacific Ocean) | ||||
| * | 1751 | Steller, G.W. (HG; Bering Is.; anatomy & natural history) | ||
| x | 1774 | Steller, G.W. (occurrence of "Manati" [= HG]; 97.) | ||
| x | * | 1802 | Sauer, M. (HG; once common in Kamchatka and Aleutians; exterminated in 1768; 181.) | |
| x | 1863a | Brandt, J.F. (HG; distr. & extermination; 558-564.) | ||
| x | 1866a | Brandt, J.F. (HG; extermination; 279-282.) | ||
| x | 1867a | Brandt, J.F. (HG; extermination; 445-452.) | ||
| 1881 | Elliott, H.W. | |||
| x | * | 1881a | Nordenskiöld, A.E. (HG; Bering Is.; post-1768 reports, etc.; 272-280, 292.) | |
| x | * | 1883 | Stejneger, L. (HG; Bering Is.; collection of specimens, 59, 61-62; extermination, 83-84; distr., 84.) | |
| x | * | 1884a | Stejneger, L. (HG; Bering Is.; date of extermination; 181-189.) | |
| x | * | 1885b | Nordenskiöld, A.E. (HG; Bering Is.; post-1768 reports defended; 280-284.) | |
| x | 1885 | Stejneger, L. (HG; Bering Is.; skeleton; 256-257.) | ||
| x | 1885a | Woodward, H. (HG; Commander Islands & ?Alaska; skeletons found in peat; 457-458.) | ||
| x | * | 1886 | Stejneger, L. (HG; Bering Is.; date of extermination; 317-328.) | |
| x | * | 1887 | Stejneger, L. (HG; Bering Is.; statistics on extermination; 1047-1054.) | |
| x | 1891 | Lucas, F.A. (HG; extermination, collection of bones; 623-627.) | ||
| x | 1894 | Dawson, G.M. (HG; history of discovery; 154-160.) | ||
| x | * | 1899 | Steller, G.W. (HG; Bering Is., anatomy & natural history, 181-201; dead animals found on Kamchatka coast, 200.) | |
| x | * | 1925 | Steller, G.W. (HG; Bering Is., hunting, anatomy, & natural history, 139-140, 161, 180, 182, 226-237, 245; dead animals found on Kamchatka coast, 236-237.) | |
| x | 1926 | Sverdrup, H.U. (HG; Cape Chaplin, ca. 1911-1913; 205.) | ||
| x | 1930 | Sverdrup, H.U. (HG; Cape Chaplin, ca. 1910; 248.) | ||
| x | 1937 | Murie, O.J. (HG; Eskimo tradition of presence at St. Lawrence Is.; 345.) | ||
| 1944 | Andreyev, A.I. | |||
| x | 1946a | Goodwin, G.G. (HG; Bering Is.; 56-61.) | ||
| 1948 | Masterson & Brower | |||
| x | 1952 | Andreyev, A.I. (HG; Commander Islands; hunted, 1758-59; 19.) | ||
| x | * | 1958 | Grekov, V.I. (HG; distr.; 95-100.) | |
| x | 1964b | Bertram & Bertram (HG; possible survival; 313.) | ||
| x | 1965 | Heptner, V.G. (HG; distr.; 91-93.) | ||
| 1967 | Hopkins, D.M. | |||
| 1967 | Laughlin, D.M. | |||
| 1967 | Scheffer, V.B. | |||
| x | 1969 | Chelnokov, F.G. (HG; Bering Is.; bones collected; 71-73.) | ||
| x | 1977 | Whitmore & Gard (HG; Aleutian & Commander Islands; 1-8, 18.) | ||
| x | * | 1978b | Domning, D.P. (HG; age of Bering Is. material, 105-106; review of reports from Bering Sea area, 135-139; hunting, 132-135, 163-165.) | |
| x | 1983 | Rich, V. (HG; Bering Is.; skeleton discovered; 415.) | ||
| x | 1985 | Laughlin, W.S. (HG; significance for Beringian anthropology; 781.) | ||
| x | * | 1993 | Savinetsky, A.B. (HG; Bering Is.; radiocarbon dates; 403-405.) | |
| 1995 | Furusawa, H. (HG; Bering Is.; new specimens) | |||
| 2004 | Savinetsky et al. (HG; in archaeological sites) | |||
| * | 2006 | Mattioli & Domning (HG; Commander Islands; skeletal material in museums; history of collecting) | ||
| * | 2008 | Corbett et al. (HG; kelp diet & stable isotope composition of bone) | ||
| 2014 | Jones, R.T. (HG; extermination) | |||
| * | 2014 | Crerar et al. (HG; St. Lawrence Is., Alaska; DNA, stable isotopes) | ||
| Bessarabia ( 4 ) | ||||
| x | 1860 | Nordmann, A.v. (Manatus maeoticus; Mioc.; 328-330.) | ||
| x | 1861 | Nordmann, A.v. (Manatus maeoticus; Mioc.; 581-582, pl. 11.) | ||
| x | * | 1942 | Macarovici & Oescu (Manatus maeoticus; Mioc.; 351, 353, 378-379.) | |
| x | * | 2011 | Lungu & Rzebik-Kowalska ("?Halitherium maeoticus" (n.comb.); Late Mioc., Moldova; 30.) | |
| Bharatisiren Bajpai and Domning, 1997 ( 1 ) | ||||
| x | * | 1997 | Bajpai & Domning (n.gen.; Early Mioc., India; 219-228.) | |
| Bharatisiren indica Bajpai, Thewissen, Kapur, Tiwari, & Sahni ( 1 ) | ||||
| * | 2006 | Bajpai et al. (n.sp.; Late Olig., Kutch, India) | ||
| Bharatisiren kachchhensis (Bajpai, Singh, and Singh, 1987) Bajpai and Domning, 1997 ( 3 ) | ||||
| x | * | 1997 | Bajpai & Domning (n.comb.; Early Mioc., India; 219-228.) | |
| x | 1997b | Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Crenatosiren olseni; 398, 409, 411.) | ||
| 2012 | Vélez-Juarbe et al. | |||
| Bibliographies of the Sirenia ( 10 ) | ||||
| x | * | 1882 | Allen, J.A. (1,014 items on Cetacea & Sirenia, 1495-1840, including about 230 on Sirenia; 399-562.) | |
| x | D | 1950 | Freund, L. (409 items; 161-181.) | |
| x | 1973 | Crusafont-Pairó, M. (fossil sirs., Spain & Mallorca, 96-98; existence of bibliography by L. Via, ii.) | ||
| x | D | 1975 | Edinger, T. (bibliography of paleoneurology; 1-258.) | |
| x | D | 1975 | Whitfield & Farrington (488 items; 1-44.) | |
| 1978 | Ronald et al. (865 items; 65-111.) | |||
| x | D | 1979 | Marsh et al. (1,746 items; 1-163.) | |
| x | D | 1982 | Leutenegger, M. (785 items; 81-105.) | |
| x | 1992 | Patton et al. (annotated bibliography of sir. hearing; 1-61.) | ||
| x | * | 1996a | Domning, D.P. (about 4,590 items, 1494-1994; iii + 611.) | |
| Biochemistry ( 114 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Digestive System; Endocrinology; Milk; Phylogeny and Affinities) | ||||
| 1903a | Mann, E.W. | |||
| 1903b | Mann, E.W. | |||
| x | 1904 | Liverseege, J.F. (DD; analysis of oil; 211-214.) | ||
| x | 1941 | Scholander & Irving (TML; respiratory gas exchange; 175, 179-183, 185-191.) | ||
| x | 1957 | Gohar, H.A.F. (DD; chemical & physical characteristics of fat; 12.) | ||
| x | 1967 | Tsuyuki & Itoh (DD; fatty acids; 1035-1037.) | ||
| x | 1968 | Lemire, M. (Trichechus; digestion; 500-504.) | ||
| x | 1969 | Caldwell et al. (DD; bladder bile; 437-441.) | ||
| x | 1969 | Strauss, M.B. (Trichechus; lactic acid; m10.) | ||
| x | 1972 | Blessing, M.H. (Trichechus; myoglobin; 475-479.) | ||
| x | 1972 | Kenchington, R.A. (DD; pH of foregut contents; 887.) | ||
| x | 1973 | Lewis & Wilson (Trichechus; clumping of staphylococci by fibrinogen; 421-422.) | ||
| x | 1974 | Itoh & Tsuyuki (TS; fatty acids; 307-311.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Allen et al. (DD; hematology & blood chemistry; 47.) | ||
| x | 1976 | White et al. (TML; blood chemistry; 413-416.) | ||
| x | 1977 | Farmer & Bonaventura (TI; hemoglobin; 916.) | ||
| x | 1977 | Marsh et al. (DD; stomach mucosa & secretions; 278-281, 284-292.) | ||
| x | * | 1977 | Murray et al. (DD; blood & digestive fatty acids; 7-9.) | |
| x | 1978 | Marsh et al. (DD; fat composition; 163.) | ||
| x | 1978 | McCabe et al. (DD; hemoglobin; 19-22.) | ||
| x | 1979a | Farmer et al. (TI; hemoglobin & whole blood; 231-238.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Hilmy et al. (DD; hematology; 197-203.) | ||
| x | 1980 | De Jong & Zweers (TI; eye-lens proteins & phylogeny; 897-902.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Denton et al. (DD; metals & pigments in tissues; 201-219.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Irvine et al. (TM; blood & urine values; 3-6.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Ohtomo et al. (TM; clotting & clumping-factor reactions of plasma; 261-266.) | ||
| x | D | 1980 | Parker & Toots (Desmostylus; sodium content of tooth enamel; 205.) | |
| x | 1981b | Beusse et al. (TM; hematology & blood chemistry; 113-114, 116-117, 119.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Cardeilhac et al. (TM; hematology; 143.) | ||
| x | 1981b | Denton, G.R.W. (DD; sample collection for pollutant analysis; 239.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Murray, R.M. (DD; volatile fatty acids; 166-168.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Rainey, W.E. (DD; sample collection for electrophoresis; 240-247.) | ||
| 1981 | Shoshani et al. | |||
| x | 1982 | De Jong & Goodman (TI; eye-lens protein sequence & phylogeny; 262.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Medway, Bruss et al. (TM; blood chemistry; 229-234.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Medway, Dodds et al. (TM; blood coagulation; 120-127.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Reynolds & Krause (TM; duodenal secretions; 35-39.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Marsh & Anderson (DD; capture myopathy; 1-3.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Piggins et al. (TI; visual pigment; 116, 118-119, 123.) | ||
| x | 1985 | O'Shea, Rathbun et al. (TML; blood chemistry; no evidence of capture myopathy; 339-345.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Burn, D.M. (TM; digestion & digestive efficiency; 139-142.) | ||
| 1986 | Kleinschmidt et al. (hemoglobin sequences) | |||
| x | 1986 | Lew et al. (TML; soluble class I molecule absent; 279-280.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Miyamoto & Goodman (protein sequences & phylogeny; 230-240.) | ||
| 1986 | Rodionov, V.A. (TM; lipids in muscles) | |||
| x | 1986 | Shoshani et al. (TM & proboscideans; immunology; 431-436.) | ||
| x | 1987 | Elias et al. (TM; lipids in epidermis; 161-177.) | ||
| x | 1988 | Kleinschmidt et al. (TI; hemoglobin; 507-512.) | ||
| x | 1988 | Kuroki et al. (TML; bile salts & absence of bile acids; 509-522.) | ||
| 1989 | Ackman & Lamothe | |||
| 1989 | Jacquet et al. (hemoglobin) | |||
| x | 1989 | Yoshii et al. (TM; bile alcohol; 1852-1854.) | ||
| 1990 | Bossart & Dierauf (TML; hematology; blood, urine, & fecal sampling) | |||
| 1990 | Stoskopf, M.K. (recommended drug treatments) | |||
| 1990 | Williams et al. (recommended anesthetic) | |||
| 1991 | Francis-Floyd et al. (TM; serum progesterone & estradiol) | |||
| x | 1991 | Schweigert et al. (TM; vitamin A, à-tocopherol, & lipid levels in plasma; 35-37, 41.) | ||
| 1992 | Colares et al. (TI; blood chemistry) | |||
| x | 1992 | McKenna, M.C. (Trichechus; eye-lens proteins; 350, 354-355, 357.) | ||
| 1994 | Converse et al. (TMM; blood chemistry) | |||
| x | 1997 | Edmonds et al. (DD; Western Australia; elemental composition of tusk; 203-214.) | ||
| 1998 | Jiménez-M. et al. (TML, TMM; immunoglobulin G) | |||
| x | 1998 | Ortiz et al. (TML, TMM; osmoregulation; 449-457.) | ||
| x | 1999 | Rosas et al. (TI; blood chemistry & nutrition, wild & captive; 37-42.) | ||
| x | 1999 | Walker & Macko (TML; carbon & nitrogen isotopes in teeth; 319, 322-329, 331.) | ||
| 1999 | Rahman et al. (DD; liver ferritin) | |||
| 2000 | Colares et al. (TI; seasonal variations in blood parameters) | |||
| 2002 | Wakai et al. (DD; in capt.; urinary progesterone and estradiol 17β) | |||
| x | 2002 | Ames et al. (TML; lipids & sound conduction; 625-634.) | ||
| 2002 | Wakai et al. (DD, in capt.; progesterone, estradiol; 679-682.) | |||
| 2002 | Cerecedo et al. | |||
| 2003 | Manire et al. (TML; blood & urine parameters; rehabilitation & release) | |||
| 2004 | Yamamuro et al. (DD; Kyushu, Japan; stable isotopes of tissues and gut contents) | |||
| 2004 | MacFadden et al. (stable isotopes) | |||
| 2004b | Goto et al. (DD; fermentation & digestibility of fiber) | |||
| 2005 | Lanyon, Smith & Carrick (DD; Moreton Bay, Australia; reproductive steroids in feces) | |||
| 2005 | Larkin et al. (TML; fecal testosterone concentrations) | |||
| 2007 | Silva et al. (TMM; in capt.; serum chemistry values) | |||
| 2007 | Walsh et al. (TML; nitric oxide production by blood mononuclear cells) | |||
| 2007 | Clementz et al. (diet & carbon isotope fractionation) | |||
| 2007 | Harvey et al. (TML; normal biochemistry) | |||
| 2008 | Stavros et al. (TML; trace elements in blood & skin) | |||
| 2009 | Kasamatsu et al. (TM, in capt.; serum lipid compositions, lipid peroxide, alpha-tocopherol & lipoproteins) | |||
| 2009 | Roudebush et al. (TM; anti-Mullerian hormone ELISA) | |||
| 2009 | Harvey et al. (TML; hematology) | |||
| 2009 | Silva et al. (TMM; hematology; age variations) | |||
| 2009 | Tripp et al. (TML; plasma progesterone metabolites) | |||
| 2009 | Amaral et al. (TI; androgens) | |||
| D | * | 2010 | Newsome et al. (sirs. & desmostylians; use of stable isotope biogeochemistry to study ecology; review) | |
| 2010 | Tripp et al. (TML; adrenocortical function) | |||
| 2010 | Hage et al. (bile salts) | |||
| 2010 | Wetzel et al. (TML; fatty acid biomarkers for brevetoxin exposure) | |||
| 2010 | Pantoja et al. (TI; urinary reference values) | |||
| 2011 | Gaul et al. (DD; Queensland, Australia; organobromine compounds) | |||
| 2011 | Alsina-Guerrero, M. (TMM; blood values) | |||
| 2011 | Drummond de Mello, Daniela Magalhães; Silva, Vera Maria Ferreira da; Rosas, Fernando César Weber | |||
| 2011 | Amaral et al. (TI, in capt.; salivary testosterone concentrations) | |||
| 2011 | Wilson et al. (TML; anti-Müllerian hormone; effects of stress) | |||
| 2011 | Drummond et al. (TI; in capt.; serum biochemical analytes) | |||
| 2012 | Burgess et al. (DD; fecal progesterone metabolite concentrations) | |||
| * | 2012 | Lanyon et al. (DD; blood chemistry; no evidence of capture myopathy) | ||
| 2012 | Sulzner et al. (TMM; Belize; hematology, immunology) | |||
| 2012 | Wong et al. (TML, TMM; blood chemistry) | |||
| 2013 | Burgess et al. (DD; in capt.; reproductive hormone monitoring) | |||
| 2013 | Carmo et al. (TI; changes in blood parameters after transport) | |||
| 2014 | Amaral, Rosas, Graham et al. (TI; luteinizing hormones & reproductive steroids in urine) | |||
| 2014 | Kim et al. (biochemical & mineral composition of bone) | |||
| 2016 | Sousa, I. K. F., et al. (TI; hematological & biochemical variables) | |||
| 2017 | Nganvongpanit et al. (DD; Thailand; identification of tusks by X-ray fluorescence) | |||
| * | 2017 | Gaudry et al. (HG & other sirs.; lack of UCP1-mediated thermogenesis) | ||
| 2019 | Wetzel et al. (TML; inhibin B levels) | |||
| * | 2019 | Crema et al. (TI; Brazil; stable isotopes in bones, teeth, & milk; movements between habitats and water types) | ||
| 2020 | Harvey et al. (TML; serum iron analytes) | |||
| 2022 | Le Duc et al. (HG; genetics, thermoregulation) | |||
| Birth and Breeding ( 135 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Age Determination; Behavior, Sexual; Population Biology; Urogenital System) | ||||
| 1745 | Gumilla, J. (TM; Guianas; 2 calves said to be born at a time, of opposite sexes & each about 30 lbs. in weight) | |||
| x | 1763 | Bellin, S. (TM; Guianas; 2 calves said to be born at a time, of opposite sexes & each about 30 lbs. in weight; 66.) | ||
| x | 1834 | Rüppell, E. (DD; Red Sea; calves born in November & December; 113.) | ||
| x | 1869 | Marcoy, P. (Trichechus; South America; 2: 152.) | ||
| x | 1875 | Marcoy, P. (Trichechus; South America; 2: 190.) | ||
| x | 1884b | True, F.W. (Trichechus; Americas; 118.) | ||
| x | * | 1899 | Steller, G.W. (HG; 198.) | |
| x | 1906 | Annandale, N. (DD; India; with young; 243.) | ||
| x | 1917 | Fairchild, D. (Trichechus; 341.) | ||
| x | 1923a | Petit, G. (DD; Madagascar; 77-78.) | ||
| x | 1924-25 | Vosseler, J. (TI; in capt.; ?menstruation, 177; ?lack of seasonality, locating of mates, 179-180.) | ||
| 1927 | Jennison, G. | |||
| x | 1929 | Prater, S.H. (DD; Andaman Islands; ?breeding season; 987.) | ||
| x | 1935 | Barrett, O.W. (TM; Central America; 217.) | ||
| x | * | 1937 | Barbour, T. (TM; Florida; conceived & born in capt.; 106-107.) | |
| x | 1939 | Beal, W.P.B. (TS; 125.) | ||
| x | 1940 | Machado, F. de P. (TI; breeding season December-February; 246.) | ||
| x | 1941 | Hamilton, W.J., Jr. (TM; Florida; ?seasonal breeding; 691.) | ||
| x | 1941-43 | Pereira, M.N. (TI; Brazil; calving season December-February; 102, 218.) | ||
| x | * | 1944 | Pereira, M.N. (TI; breeding more in winter but with no clear season; behavior; pregnancy; 58-61.) | |
| x | 1948 | Bessac & Villiers (TS; gestation "12 months"; 188.) | ||
| x | 1951b | Moore, J.C. (TM; births in capt., 26-27; in wild, 27-28.) | ||
| x | 1953 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; calves not reported in December; 121-122.) | ||
| x | * | 1955 | MacMillan, L. (DD; Australia; 18.) | |
| x | 1956 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; 15-16, 23.) | ||
| x | * | 1957 | Moore, J.C. (TM; Florida; in capt.; 137-138.) | |
| x | * | 1960 | Norris, C.E. (DD; Sri Lanka; 296-297, 299.) | |
| 1963 | Anon. | |||
| 1963 | Bertram, G.C.L. (TM; Guyana) | |||
| x | 1964a | Bertram & Bertram (TM; Guyana; 119.) | ||
| x | 1966 | Jarman, P.J. (DD; Kenya; 83.) | ||
| x | 1966 | Thomas, D. (DD; India; many 8-ft.-long females pregnant; 80.) | ||
| x | 1967 | Fiuza Lima, F. (TI; detailed misinformation; 17-18.) | ||
| x | 1967 | MacLaren, J.P. (TM; Panama; in capt.; m389, m392.) | ||
| x | 1968a | Bertram & Bertram (Trichechus, DD; m390.) | ||
| x | 1968 | Charnock-Wilson, J. (TM; Belize; 294.) | ||
| 1969a | Harrison, R.J. | |||
| x | 1971 | Hughes & Oxley-Oxland (DD; Mozambique; 301.) | ||
| x | * | 1972 | Heinsohn, G.E. (DD; Queensland; seasonality of birth; size at maturity; 208-211.) | |
| x | 1973 | Bertram & Bertram (DD; Australia; some evidence of a breeding season; 333-335.) | ||
| x | 1973 | Valentry, D. (Trichechus, DD; reluctance to breed in capt.; 291.) | ||
| 1974 | Perry, J.S. | |||
| x | 1974 | Sanger, C. (TM; Guyana; 2 births in capt.; 23.) | ||
| x | 1974a | Vietmeyer, N.D. (TM; Guyana; in canal; m63.) | ||
| x | 1975b | Anon. (TM; Miami, Florida; conceived & born in capt.; 6-7.) | ||
| x | 1975 | Pinto da Silveira, E.K. (TMM, TI; 225-226.) | ||
| x | * | 1976 | Allen et al. (DD; stillbirths; 39.) | |
| 1976c | Anon. (TM; Miami, Florida; in capt.) | |||
| 1976 | Bourliere et al. (TS) | |||
| 1976 | Clark, B. | |||
| x | 1976 | Ilani, G. (pregnant DD; Gulf of Aqaba; 161.) | ||
| x | 1976 | Ligon, S.H. (DD; Australia; no mating season, 580; birth ?primarily in low latitudes, 582.) | ||
| 1977a | Dekker, D. | |||
| 1977b | Dekker, D. | |||
| x | 1978 | Anderson & Heinsohn (DD; Australia; breeding ?non-seasonal; 16, 20.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Irvine & Campbell (TM; Florida; ?spring calving season; 616.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Kasuya & Nishiwaki (DD; female thought to be mature at about 10 years; 303, 306-308.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Marsh et al. (DD; review of reproductive biology; 163-164.) | ||
| x | 1978 | Mitchell, J. (DD; size, age, & dentition at sexual maturity; 331-333, 340-343, 348.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Anderson, P.K. (DD; calving in shallow, hypersaline areas; stranding & "sunburn" scars; 133.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Hartman, D.S. (TM; Florida; size at sexual maturity, 16; birth, 110-111; birth rate & ages at weaning & maturity, 120-122, 137.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Belitsky & Belitsky (TM; Dominican Republic; small calves seen in spring, summer, & autumn; 314, 318.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Dekker, D. (TM; in capt; 21-26.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Marsh, H. (DD; Australia; age & sexual maturity; 190-191, 198-199.) | ||
| x | 1981b | Beusse et al. (TM; ?retained placenta & metritis; 120.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Odell et al. (TM; organ weights & sexual maturity; 54-56, 61-63.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Odell, D.K. (TM; Miami, Florida; in capt.; 131.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Powell & Waldron (TM; Blue Spring, Florida; calving intervals; 48-49.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Powell, J.A., Jr. (TM; Crystal R., Florida; calving intervals; 38-39.) | ||
| x | 1981b | Reynolds, J.E., III (TML; Florida; aseasonality; 441-442.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Santiapillai, C. (DD; Sri Lanka; mating during southwest monsoon; twinning; 4.) | ||
| 1981 | Scheffer, V.B. (DD, Trichechus; size at birth) | |||
| x | 1981 | Zeiller, W. (TM; Miami, Florida; in capt.; 109-110.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Best & Teixeira (TM; Amap , Brazil; mating observed in February, May, & June; 45.) | ||
| x | * | 1982a | Best, R.C. (TI; seasonal breeding; 76-78.) | |
| x | 1982 | Kleinschmidt, A. (TM; in capt., Nuremberg, Germany; artificial insemination; 412.) | ||
| 1982 | McNerney, B.B. | |||
| x | 1982 | Milne & Milne (TML; pop. acc.; 154-158.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Werzinger, J. (TM; in capt., Nuremberg, Germany; 34-35.) | ||
| 1983 | Hennemann, W.W. | |||
| x | 1983a | Kinnaird, M.F. (TM; northeastern Florida; areas ?used for birthing; 48.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Marsh, H. (DD; Vanuatu; calving in lagoons; 2.) | ||
| 1984 | Cardeilhac et al. (TM) | |||
| x | 1984 | DiPerna, P. (TM; Florida; captive breeding; pop. acc.; 16-17.) | ||
| x | * | 1984 | Marsh, Heinsohn & Channells (DD; female fertility; 743-766.) | |
| x | * | 1984 | Marsh, Heinsohn & Glover (DD; male fertility; 721-742.) | |
| x | * | 1984 | Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (DD; life history & population dynamics, 767-788; parturition, 773, 788.) | |
| * | 1984 | Qi, J. (TM; in capt.) | ||
| x | 1984 | Schmitz & Lavigne (TM; intrinsic rate of increase vs. body size & metabolic rate; 307-308.) | ||
| 1984 | White et al. | |||
| x | 1984a | White, J.R. (TM; birth in capt. & captive breeding; pop. acc.; 414-418.) | ||
| x | * | 1984b | White, J.R. (TM; Florida; birth in capt. & captive breeding; pop. acc.; 369-375.) | |
| x | 1985 | Mühling, P. (TMM; in capt., Nuremberg; 3 births; 10-16.) | ||
| x | 1985 | Qiu, Y.-X. (TM; Beijing; births in capt.; m35.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Colmenero-R. & Hoz-Z. (TM; Mexico; seasonal breeding; 1008.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Colmenero-R., L. (TMM; Mexico; seasonal breeding; 597-599.) | ||
| x | 1986a | Marsh, H. (DD; Torres Strait; reproductive parameters; 64-69.) | ||
| x | 1986 | Timm et al. (TI; Ecuador; ?calving season; 154.) | ||
| x | 1987 | Kraus, M. (TMM; in capt., Nuremberg; birth of twins; m33.) | ||
| x | 1987 | Mühling, P. (TMM; in capt., Nuremberg; birth of twins; 18-19.) | ||
| x | 1987 | Wootton, J.T. (body mass & age at first reproduction; m748.) | ||
| x | 1988a | Marsh, H. (DD; Australia; seasonality of reproduction; 15.) | ||
| 1988b | Qiu Y.-X. (TM; in capt., Beijing) | |||
| x | 1989a | Preen, A. (DD; Arabian region; seasonality & calving areas; 53-54, 119.) | ||
| x | 1990 | Rathbun et al. (TML; Weekiwachee R., Florida, 21; Cross Florida Barge Canal, 30.) | ||
| x | 1991 | Domning & de Buffrénil (effect of pregnancy on hydrostasis; 359.) | ||
| x | 1991 | Haigh, M.D. (TMM; Guyana; in capt.; m342.) | ||
| x | 1992 | Marmontel et al. (TM, TI; 300-309.) | ||
| x | 1994 | Marsh et al. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; ?high calving rate in 1988; 149, 154, 159.) | ||
| 1995 | Hernandez et al. (TML; age & seasonality in spermatogenesis; 84-97.) | |||
| 1995 | Marmontel, M. (TML; age & reproduction in females; 98-119.) | |||
| 1995b | Marsh, H. (DD; life history & population dynamics; 75-83.) | |||
| x | * | 1995 | O'Shea & Hartley (TML; Blue Spring, Florida; reproduction & early-age survival; 157-170.) | |
| x | 1995 | Odell et al. (TM; in capt.; 192-193.) | ||
| 1995 | Rathbun et al. (TML; Florida; reproduction; 135-156.) | |||
| 1995 | Reid et al. (TML; Atlantic coast, Florida; reproduction & mortality; 171-191.) | |||
| x | 1998 | Blaszkiewitz, B. (TMM; in capt., Berlin; stillbirth; 134.) | ||
| 1999 | Boyd et al. | |||
| 2000 | Blaszkiewitz, B. (TMM; in capt., Berlin; premature birth) | |||
| x | 2001 | Blaszkiewitz, B. (TMM; in capt., Berlin; twins; 427-429.) | ||
| 2001 | Guimarães, M.A.B.V. (assisted reproduction) | |||
| * | 2004 | Kendall et al. (TML; Florida; estimating reproductive rates) | ||
| 2004 | Reynolds et al. (TML; testicular weight & sperm competition) | |||
| 2005 | Lanyon, Smith & Carrick (DD; Moreton Bay, Australia; reproductive steroids in feces) | |||
| 2005 | Larkin et al. (TML; fecal testosterone concentrations) | |||
| 2008 | Marsh & Kwan (DD; Torres Strait; female reproductive biology & seagrass dieback) | |||
| 2008 | Tripp et al. (TM; serum immunoassay) | |||
| 2009 | Amaral et al. (TI; androgens) | |||
| 2012 | Lueders et al. (comp. w/elephants; luteal development & pregnancy) | |||
| 2012 | Burgess et al. (DD; diagnosing pregnancy; fecal progesterone metabolite concentrations) | |||
| 2012 | Burgess et al. (DD; male maturation & seasonal reproductive patterns) | |||
| 2013 | Burgess et al. (DD; in capt.; reproductive hormone monitoring) | |||
| 2019 | Wetzel et al. (TML; inhibin B levels) | |||
| 2020 | Cowart et al. (TM; semen) | |||
| 2021 | Souza, D. A., et al. (TI; pregnancy of released manatee) | |||
Boats (as threats to sirenians): Boats (as threats to sirenians): SEE Accidental Death or Injury ( 0 )
| Brain and Nervous System ( 97 ) | ||||
| (SEE ALSO: Sense Organs) | ||||
| x | 1820b | Home, E. (DD; olfactory nerve; 321.) | ||
| x | * | 1851 | Barkow, H.C.L. (DD; nerves & muscle innervations; 119-122.) | |
| 1864 | Brandt, J.F. | |||
| 1867 | Brandt, A. | |||
| x | 1867c | Brandt, J.F. (brains of 3 Recent genera compared; 269-270.) | ||
| x | * | 1872a | Murie, J. (TMM; nerves, 137, 141, 182-186; brain, 180-183.) | |
| x | 1875a | Owen, R. (Eotherium, Trichechus, & other sirs.; cranial endocasts; 100-105, pl. 3.) | ||
| x | * | 1876 | Chapman, H.C. (TM; 453-456, pl. 26.) | |
| x | * | 1880 | Murie, J. (TMM; nerves, 35-39, 41-44, pl. 8; brain, 39-42, pl. 9.) | |
| x | 1884 | De Vis, C.W. (Chronozoon & sirs.; cranial endocasts; 392-395.) | ||
| x | 1885a | Woodward, H. (HG; cranial endocast; 460-461.) | ||
| 1886 | Flot, L. | |||
| x | 1886 | Miklouho-Maclay, N. de (DD; brain; 193-196, pl. 24.) | ||
| 1887 | Studer, T. (Halianassa; cranial endocast) | |||
| x | * | 1897 | Beddard, F.E. (TI, TM; 52-53.) | |
| 1902 | Smith, G.E. | |||
| x | 1903a | Smith, G.E. (brain lobes; 326, 328.) | ||
| 1905 | Wilder, B.G. | |||
| x | * | 1906b | Dexler & Freund (Trichechus, DD; olfactory nerve, 59-60; reflexes, 60-61, 63; touch, 64-65; central nervous system, 66.) | |
| * | 1911 | Dexler & Eger | ||
| x | * | 1912b | Dexler, H. (DD; brain; 97-190, pls. 5-6.) | |
| 1917 | Larger, R. | |||
| x | 1925 | Kellogg, R. (Metaxytherium jordani; cranial endocast; 64-65, pl. 9.) | ||
| 1928 | Weygandt, W. (HG) | |||
| x | 1931 | Sickenberg, O. (DD; neoteny; 430-431.) | ||
| 1933b | Edinger, T. | |||
| x | 1934 | Addison, W.H.F. (Trichechus; brain cells; 587, 590.) | ||
| 1934 | Genschow, J. | |||
| 1934 | Jelgersma, G. (TM; brain) | |||
| 1939 | Edinger, T. | |||
| 1942 | Edinger, T. | |||
| 1947 | Davidenkov, S. | |||
| 1950 | Edinger, T. | |||
| x | 1951 | Reinhart, R.H. (Halianassa jordani, Trichechus, & other sirs.; cranial endocasts; 210.) | ||
| x | 1953 | Quiring & Harlan (TM; brain; 194, 200.) | ||
| x | 1954a | Friant, M. (sir. brain characteristics; 1005-1006.) | ||
| x | * | 1954b | Friant, M. (TI & other sirs.; brains; 129-135.) | |
| D | 1955 | Edinger, T. | ||
| 1957-58 | Friant, M. | |||
| 1958 | Exner & Routil | |||
| 1960 | Edinger, T. | |||
| x | 1960 | Kappers et al. (Trichechus, DD; epiphysis & spinal cord; 1: 286, 2: 1064.) | ||
| 1961 | Krabbe, K.H. (Trichechus; pineal body) | |||
| D | 1963 | Edinger, T. | ||
| 1965 | Hanström, B. (Trichechus; hypophysis) | |||
| x | 1969 | Robineau, D. (vestibular & auditory nerves, 8; facial nerve, 13-14.) | ||
| x | 1972 | Blessing et al. (Trichechus; nerves in spleen; m187.) | ||
| x | 1972 | Verhaart, W.J.C. (TM; brain; 271-292.) | ||
| x | 1973 | Spillmann, F. (Halitherium pergense; cranial endocast; 198-199, pl. 39.) | ||
| 1974 | Schober & Brauer | |||
| x | D | * | 1975 | Edinger, T. (bibliography of paleoneurology, 1-258; Desmostylus, cranial endocast, 50.) |
| x | 1976 | Allen et al. (DD; brain weights; 42, 46.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Bullock et al. (TI; auditory evoked potentials; 130-133.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Lowell & Flanigan (olfactory system; m56.) | ||
| 1982 | Armstrong, E. | |||
| x | 1982 | Bullock et al. (TM; auditory evoked potentials; 547-554.) | ||
| 1982 | Sokolov & Mukhametov (TM; sleep) | |||
| x | 1983 | Buergelt & Bonde (TM; toxoplasmic meningoencephalitis; 1294-1296.) | ||
| D | 1985 | Kamiya et al. (DD, Paleoparadoxia; brain) | ||
| x | 1985 | Mackay-Sim et al. (TM; rudimentary olfactory bulb present; m187-190.) | ||
| x | 1985 | Pirlot & Kamiya (DD; brain; 147-155.) | ||
| x | 1985 | Ralph et al. (TM; pineal body absent; 55-60.) | ||
| x | 1985 | Thewissen, J.G.M. (sirs. & other ungulates; brain; 265.) | ||
| 1986 | Worthy & Hickie | |||
| x | 1988 | Fischer, M.S. (TM; nerves of ear region; 368-376.) | ||
| * | 1988d | Pilleri, G. | ||
| * | 1989 | Reep et al. (TML; cerebral cortex) | ||
| x | 1990 | O'Shea & Reep (encephalization quotients & life history; 534-543.) | ||
| * | 1990 | Reep & O'Shea (TM) | ||
| x | 1991c | Anon. (TML; pop. acc.; 8.) | ||
| x | 1991 | Loerzel & Reep (TML; Rindenkerne in cerebral cortex; 166-171.) | ||
| x | 1992 | Ketten et al. (TML; chorda tympani & facial nerve; 84.) | ||
| 1992 | Mukhametov et al. (TI; sleep) | |||
| x | 1994 | Johnson et al. (brain traits & phylogeny; 319-347.) | ||
| 1994 | Mukhametov et al. (TI; sleep) | |||
| 1995 | Marshall & Reep (TML; caudal cerebral cortex) | |||
| x | 1996 | Giffin & Gillett (TM; homologies of cervical nerves & vertebrae; 214-218.) | ||
| x | 1998 | Reep et al. (TML; innervation of facial bristles; 261-262, 267-271.) | ||
| 1999 | Buchholtz & Seyfarth (paleoneurology) | |||
| 2000 | Rattenborg et al. (unihemispheric sleep) | |||
| x | 2001 | Reep et al. (TML; innervation of facial bristles; 1-14.) | ||
| 2004 | Furusawa, H. (Hydrodamalinae; endocranial casts) | |||
| 2006 | Sarko & Reep (TML; cerebral cortex) | |||
| 2007 | Marshall et al. (TML; facial motor nucleus) | |||
| 2007 | Sarko, Johnson et al. (TML; somatosensory nuclei of brainstem & thalamus) | |||
| 2007 | Sarko, Reep et al. (TML; follicle-sinus complexes) | |||
| 2010 | Butti & Hof (TML; insular cortex) | |||
| 2011 | Butti et al. (neocortex; comp. w/cetaceans) | |||
| 2012 | Manger et al. (neocortical gyrencephaly; manatee comp. w/elephants & cetaceans) | |||
| 2012 | Nieuwenhuys, R. (TML; insular cortex) | |||
| 2012 | Reynolds & Marshall (physical traits, life history, & vulnerability of sirs.) | |||
| * | 2013 | Benoit et al. (evolution of brain morphology) | ||
| 2015 | Reyes et al. (TML; neuron types in the presumptive primary somatosensory cortex) | |||
| * | 2016 | Reyes et al. (TML; Golgi analysis of neuron morphology) | ||
| 2019 | Carvalho et al. (TM; Brazil; cerebral congenital malformations in neonates) | |||
| 2019 | Orihuela et al. (Dugongidae incertae sedis; Early Mioc., Cuba; brain endocasts) | |||
| 2021 | Kerber & Moraes-Santos (Dioplotherium cf. allisoni; endocranial morphology; encephalization) | |||
| Brazil ( 244 ) | ||||
| 1526 | SEE Castro, E. de, 1929. | |||
| 1541 | SEE Carvajal, G. de, 1934. | |||
| 1560 | SEE Anchieta, J. de, 1799. | |||
| 1576 | Gândavo, P. de M. de | |||
| 1578 | Léry, J. de | |||
| 1580 | SEE Soares, F., 1904. | |||
| 1587 | SEE Sousa, G.S. de, 1879. | |||
| 1614 | Abbeville, C. d' | |||
| 1624 | SEE C. de Lisboa in Walter, J., 1967. | |||
| 1625 | Cardim, F. | |||
| 1627 | SEE Salvador, V. do, 1931?. | |||
| 1658 | SEE Vieira, A., 1735. | |||
| 1662 | SEE Heriarte, M. de, 1874. | |||
| x | * | 1735 | Vieira, A. (Trichechus; >20 shiploads of meat per year exported from Amazonia, ca. 1658; 26.) | |
| 1762 | Queirós, J. de S.J. (TI) | |||
| 1768 | SEE Noronha, J.M. de, 1856. | |||
| x | 1782 | Duhamel du Monceau, H.L. (Trichechus; Amazon R.; hunting & export; 57-59.) | ||
| 1786 | SEE Rodriguez Ferreira, A., 1903. | |||
| x | 1790 | Andrada e Silva, J.B. de (Trichechus; exports from Amazonia, 17th century; 389.) | ||
| 1799 | Anchieta, J. de | |||
| 1820 | Daniel, J. | |||
| 1820 | Wied-Neuwied, M. zu | |||
| x | 1826 | Wied-Neuwied, M. zu (TMM; southern Brazil; 601-604.) | ||
| x | 1829 | Maw, H.L. (TI; Tabitinga, on Brazil/Peru border; 237-239.) | ||
| x | 1831 | Spix & Martius (Trichechus; 1122-1123.) | ||
| x | 1839 | Diesing, C.M. (TI; nematode Heterocheilus; 230.) | ||
| x | 1847 | Edwards, W.H. (TI; Amazon R.; 187-188.) | ||
| x | 1848 | Schomburgk, R. (?TI; Rio Branco; distr. & in capt.; 786.) | ||
| x | 1850 | Cornalia, E. (TI; Manacapuru; 303, 311.) | ||
| x | 1850 | Sampaio, F.X.R. de (TI; Rio Branco; m259.) | ||
| x | 1851 | Warren, J.E. (?TI; Amazonia; 149.) | ||
| x | 1853 | Herndon, W.L. (TI; econ. use; 300, 319, 365.) | ||
| x | 1853 | Wallace, A.R. (TI; Amazon R.; 185-187, 458-461.) | ||
| 1854 | Burmeister, H. (TMM) | |||
| x | 1854 | Gibbon, L. (TI; Madeira R.; "few" taken; m309.) | ||
| 1856 | Noronha, J.M. de (TI; Nhamund R.) | |||
| 1861 | Belmar, A. de | |||
| x | 1863 | Bates, H.W. (TI; Amazon R.; 2: 165.) | ||
| 1868 | Agassiz, L. | |||
| x | 1871 | Cunningham, R.C. (?TI; in capt., Rio de Janeiro; 798.) | ||
| x | 1872 | Kingston, W.H.G. (TI; predation by jaguar; 184-190.) | ||
| 1873 | Souza, F.B. de | |||
| x | 1874 | Estacio da Silveira, S. (TMM; Maranhão; econ. use; 26-27.) | ||
| x | 1874 | Heriarte, M. de (?TI; Gurup , 29-30; Trombetas R., 39.) | ||
| x | 1874 | Keller-Leuzinger, F. (TI; Amazonia; 81, 83.) | ||
| 1875 | Barbosa Rodriguez, J. | |||
| x | 1878 | Brown & Lidstone (TI; Jamaraqua, 175-176; in capt., Manaus, 395-396.) | ||
| 1879 | Sousa, G.S. de | |||
| x | * | 1883 | Pelzeln, A.v. (Manatus inunguis, n.sp.; Madeira R.; distr. comp. w/ TM; 88-95.) | |
| 1885 | Hartt, C. | |||
| x | 1885 | Santa-Anna Nery, F.J. de (TI; econ. use; 67-68, 71, 168.) | ||
| x | 1891 | Costa e Silva, B. da (TI; 93-95.) | ||
| x | 1892 | Barbosa Rodriguez, J. (?Manatus Guetardi; rib fragments; 53-54.) | ||
| x | 1893 | Goeldi, E.A. (TMM, TI; 119-120.) | ||
| x | * | 1895 | Veríssimo, J. (TI, TMM; Brazil; hunting & econ. use; 35-40, 92-93, 96, 99-102, 117, 119.) | |
| x | 1900 | Anchieta, J. de (TI; gen. acc.; 11-12.) | ||
| x | * | 1903 | Rodriguez Ferreira, A. (Trichechus; Par ; 169-174.) | |
| x | 1904 | Goeldi & Hagmann (TI; 89.) | ||
| 1904 | Ihering, H.v. (TI; Juru R.) | |||
| 1904 | Soares, F. | |||
| x | 1907a | Anon. (TI; Juru R.; 98.) | ||
| x | 1914 | Woodroffe, J.F. (TI; 243-244.) | ||
| 1922 | Le Cointe, P. | |||
| x | 1925 | Bittencourt, A. (TI; Amazonas; exploitation; 134-136.) | ||
| 1925 | Cardim, F. | |||
| x | 1925 | Fernandes, A. de A. (TI; hunting; 263-267.) | ||
| x | 1926 | MacCreagh, G. (TI; Uaupés R.; 277, 311, 323-324.) | ||
| x | 1926 | Schurz, W.L. (TI; Rio Purús; 2 photos of carcasses; 449-450.) | ||
| x | 1929 | Castro, E. de (?TMM; Pernambuco, ca. 1526; 160.) | ||
| x | 1931 | Moraes, R. (mixira; 67.) | ||
| 1931? | Salvador, V. do | |||
| 1933 | Anchieta, J. de | |||
| x | 1933 | Jobim, A. (TI; hunting; 136, 140-144.) | ||
| x | 1933 | Rusby, H.H. (TI; Madeira R.; 324-325.) | ||
| x | 1934 | Bittencourt, A. (TI; hunting; 24-25.) | ||
| * | 1934 | Carvajal, G. de (TI [earliest account; 1541-42]; Amazon R.) | ||
| x | 1937 | Orico, O. (TI; Amazonia; legends; 190-191.) | ||
| x | 1937 | Pinheiro, A. (TI; hunting; 215-218.) | ||
| x | 1939 | Coates, C.W. (TI; Tapajós R.; 142.) | ||
| 1939 | Couto de Magalhães, A. | |||
| x | 1939a | Moraes, R. (TI; Gurup , Marajó, Tocantins R.; 91-92.) | ||
| 1940 | Ihering, R.v. | |||
| x | 1940 | Machado, F. de P. (TI; econ. use, conservation; 246.) | ||
| x | 1941-43 | Pereira, M.N. (TI; econ. use; 100-102, 153-154, 218, 65.) | ||
| x | 1943 | Jobim, J. (TI; use for tinted hides; 178.) | ||
| x | 1944 | Morais Rêgo, A.R. de (TI; natural history, econ. use; 10-12.) | ||
| x | * | 1944 | Pereira, M.N. (TI; natural history; 21-94.) | |
| x | 1945 | Paiva, M. (Trichechus; pop. acc.; 35-36.) | ||
| x | 1945 | Santos, E. (TI; hunting, econ. use; 155-159.) | ||
| 1947 | Mello-Leitão, C.F. de | |||
| x | 1948 | Mendes, A. (TI; econ. use; 325-327.) | ||
| 1948 | Piso, W. | |||
| x | 1949 | Vieira, C.O.C. (TI; Juru R.; 241, 268-269.) | ||
| x | 1952 | Nimuendajú, C. (TI; Amazon R.; "rarely caught" by Tukuna Indians; m26.) | ||
| 1954 | Barroso, A. E. V. (Manatus inunguis, Ilha de Marajó) | |||
| x | 1954 | Aragão, A. de (TI; hunting; 54-56.) | ||
| 1955 | Vieira, C.O. da C. (TI, TMM) | |||
| x | 1956 | Paula Couto, C. de (Trichechus; ?Pleist., Acre; 5, 79, 95, 107.) | ||
| x | 1956 | Pereira, M.N. (Trichechus; Marajó; 68.) | ||
| 1958 | Cruls, G. | |||
| 1965 | Gândavo, P. de M. de | |||
| x | 1965 | Ruschi, A. (TMM; Espirito Santo; 30.) | ||
| x | 1966 | Bittencourt, A. (TI; pop. acc.; 35-36.) | ||
| 1967 | Ihering, R. von (TI; hunting, vernacular names.) | |||
| x | 1967 | Carvalho, J.C. de M. (TI; exploitation; 25-27, 31, 33.) | ||
| x | 1967 | Feriz, H. (clay model of manatee head; western Brazil; 373-374.) | ||
| x | 1967 | Fiuza Lima, F. (TI; captive breeding proposed; 17-18.) | ||
| x | 1967a | Paula Couto, C. de (?Mioc. & ?Pleist. sirs.; 16, 22, 26.) | ||
| x | * | 1967b | Paula Couto, C. de (Sirenotherium pirabensis, n.sp.; Early Mioc., Par ; 345-347, 354-356.) | |
| x | 1967 | Pereira, M.N. (TI; Rio Branco, 23; Tucuna Indian legend, 467.) | ||
| x | 1967 | Salles, W.B. de (TI; pop. acc.; 124-127.) | ||
| * | 1967 | Walter, J. (TMM; Maranhão; 17th century record by C. de Lisboa) | ||
| x | 1969 | Carvalho & Toccheton (TI; Par ; 224.) | ||
| 1970 | Pinto, C.G.C. | |||
| 1971 | Anon. | |||
| x | 1971a | Banks da Rocha, N. (TMM; Pernambuco; 101-103.) | ||
| x | 1971b | Banks da Rocha, N. (TMM, TML [!]; 133.) | ||
| x | 1971 | Lima, D.C. (TI; Itacoatiara, Amazonas; meat exported, 1968; 7.) | ||
| x | 1972 | Coimbra-Filho, A.F. (Trichechus; status; 82-87.) | ||
| x | 1973 | Pine, R.H. (TI; Belém, Par ; 74.) | ||
| x | 1974 | Hawrylyshyn, G. (TI; Tefé, Amazonas; 20.) | ||
| 1974 | Paula Couto, C. de (?Pleist., Acre) | |||
| x | 1975 | Pinto da Silveira, E.K. (TMM, TI; in capt.; 223-226.) | ||
| 1976 | Miranda Neto, M. J. (TI; Ilha do Marajó.) | |||
| 1976 | Reinhart, R.H. (Trichechus sp.; ?Pleist., Juru R.; 280-281.) | |||
| x | 1977c | Domning, D.P. (TI; Manaus; in capt.; sold as pets to private owners; 3.) | ||
| x | 1977 | Meggers, B.J. (TI; raising for meat proposed; 49.) | ||
| x | * | 1977 | Whitehead, P.J.P. (early accounts & former southern distr. of manatees; 165-189.) | |
| x | * | 1978 | Whitehead, P.J.P. (early accounts & former southern distr. of TM; 497-506.) | |
| x | 1979 | Best & Silva (TI; pop. acc.; 26-27, 29.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Cascudo, L. da C. (folk beliefs; pop. acc.; 28.) | ||
| x | 1979a | Farmer et al. (TI; lower Madeira R.; 231.) | ||
| x | 1979 | Mok & Best (TI; in capt. & at Tefé, Amazonas; skin fungus; 79-82.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Ayres & Best (TI; conservation; 83-85, 90-92.) | ||
| x | 1980 | Banks da Rocha, N. (key to manatee species in Brazil; 147-148.) | ||
| x | * | 1981a | Domning, D.P. (TMM, TI; distr. near mouth of Amazon R.; 85-97.) | |
| x | 1981b | Domning, D.P. (TI; research; pop. acc.; 18-23.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Montgomery et al. (TI; radiotracking & habitat use; 81-85.) | ||
| x | 1981 | Simpson & Paula Couto (Trichechus; Pleist., Acre; 48-49, 69.) | ||
| x | 1981a | Smith, N.J.H. (TI, TMM; econ. use; 184-186.) | ||
| x | 1981b | Smith, N.J.H. (TI; Itacoatiara, Amazonas; 95-96.) | ||
| x | 1982a | Anon. (TMM; Paraíba; 3.) | ||
| x | 1982 | Best & Teixeira (TMM; Amap ; 41-47.) | ||
| x | 1982a | Best, R.C. (TI; seasonal breeding; 76-78.) | ||
| x | * | 1982a | Domning, D.P. (TI, TMM; commercial exploitation, ca. 1785-1973; 101-126.) | |
| x | 1982b | Domning, D.P. (Trichechus; Pleist., Acre; 603-604.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Best, R.C. (TI; dry-season fasting; 61-64.) | ||
| x | 1983 | Lainson et al. (TI; protozoan Eimeria trichechi; 287-289.) | ||
| x | 1984a | Best, R.C. (TI; pop. acc.; 66-73.) | ||
| 1986a | Anon. (TI, TMM; protective legislation) | |||
| x | 1986 | Frailey, C.D. (?Ribodon; ?Late Mioc., Acre R.; 34.) | ||
| x | 1986 | McLaren et al. (TI; 2 specimens in Carnegie Museum; 293.) | ||
| x | 1987 | Colares & Colares (Amazonia; seasonal variation in food-plant abundance; 42-44.) | ||
| 1989c | Anon. (TMM; research project) | |||
| x | 1989 | Lefebvre et al. (TMM; distr., status, & biogeography; 588-589, 609.) | ||
| x | 1989 | Toledo, P.M. de (Sirenotherium pirabense; Mioc., Par ; 5-10.) | ||
| 1990 | Oliveira et al. (TMM; northeastern Brazil; mortality) | |||
| 1990 | Bernardes et al. (TI considered endangered) | |||
| x | 1990 | Colares et al. (TI; in capt., Manaus; 43-47.) | ||
| x | 1991b | Anon. (TMM, TI; conservation; 221.) | ||
| x | * | 1991 | Toledo & Domning (Dioplotherium cf. allisoni, cf. Rytiodus, cf. Metaxytherium; Early Mioc., Par ; 119-146.) | |
| 1992 | Rodrigues, R. M. (TI) | |||
| x | * | 1992 | Borobia & Lodi (TMM; northeastern coast; distribution & conservation; 37-43.) | |
| 1992 | Grubel da Silva, Paludo et al. (TMM; Paraíba) | |||
| 1992 | Grubel da Silva, Soavinski et al. (TMM; in capt.) | |||
| 1992a | Pinto de Lima et al. (TMM; Northeast; distr. & status) | |||
| 1992b | Pinto de Lima et al. (TMM; Northeast; conservation) | |||
| 1997 | Friaes, P. (TI; hunting) | |||
| * | 1998 | Paludo, D. (TMM; northeast Brazil; ecology & conservation) | ||
| x | 1998 | Ortiz et al. (TMM; in capt., Itamarac ; osmoregulation experiments; 450-451.) | ||
| * | 2001 | Pinto de Lima & Caldas (TMM, TI) | ||
| * | 2001 | IBAMA (TI, TMM; conservation action plan) | ||
| 2002 | Paludo & Langguth (TMM; Rio Grande do Norte) | |||
| 2002 | Paludo & Langguth (TMM; Rio Grande do Norte; 205-215.) | |||
| 2002 | Faust et al. (Sao Vicente Is., 1564) | |||
| x | 2003 | Caldas, S.T. (TMM, TI; pop. acc.; 56-58.) | ||
| 2004 | Parente et al. (TMM; strandings) | |||
| 2005 | Vergara-Parente, J.E. (TI; rescue, rehabilitation, release) | |||
| x | 2005 | Siciliano & Franco (TI, TM; specimens in Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro; 35-36.) | ||
| 2006 | Teixeira & Papavero (TMM; Bahia; Cabral expedition, 1500-1501) | |||
| 2007 | Siciliano et al. (TM; Ilja de Marajó, northern Brazilian coast) | |||
| 2007b | Borges et al. (TMM; in capt.; Cryptosporidium) | |||
| 2007 | Castelblanco-M. et al. (TI; Rio Madeira) | |||
| 2007c | Borges et al. (TMM; threats and injuries from motorboats) | |||
| 2008 | Luna, Araújo et al. (TMM; northern coast) | |||
| 2008 | Borges et al. (TM; northeastern Brazil; food items consumed) | |||
| 2008 | Meirelles, A.C.O. (TMM; Ceará; mortality) | |||
| 2008 | Luna et al. (TMM; conservation status) | |||
| 2009 | Calvimontes, J. (TI; econ. use & conservation) | |||
| 2009 | Carvalho et al. (TMM; Ceará; Pulmonicola cochleotrema) | |||
| 2009 | Feijó et al. (Mioc. sirs., Pará; catalog of Museu Goeldi holdings; 148-155.) | |||
| x | 2009 | Grandin, G. (TI; Rio Tapajós; 283.) | ||
| 2009 | Choi et al. (TMM; design of refuge area) | |||
| 2010 | Calvimontes & Marmontel (TI; ethnobiology) | |||
| x | 2010b | Vergara-P. et al. (TI; length of "palmo", unit used by Amazonian hunters to measure manatee body lengths; 37-43.) | ||
| 2010 | Luna & Passavante (Trichechus; history of conservation by Instituto Chico Mendes) | |||
| 2010a | Vergara-P. et al. (TI; growth rates) | |||
| 2010 | Luna et al. (TMM; distribution on northern coast) | |||
| * | 2010 | Arraut et al. (TI; western Amazon; seasonal migrations) | ||
| 2011 | Emin-Lima et al. (distribution on northern coast: TM, 46, 52-53; TI, 52-53.) | |||
| 2011 | Silva et al. (TI; in capt.; skin lesions) | |||
| 2011 | Amarante et al. (Montrichardia linifera; nutritional characterization) | |||
| 2011 | Borges et al. (TI, TMM; Cryptosporidium) | |||
| 2012 | Luna et al. (TMM; northeast Brazil; phylogeography; release) | |||
| 2012 | Self-Sullivan & Mignucci-Giannoni (TM; status & conservation) | |||
| 2012 | Moraes-Arraut et al. (Habitat assessment) | |||
| 2012 | Mathews, Da Silva et al. (TI; Toxoplasma gondii & Leptospira spp. antibodies) | |||
| 2012 | Ciotti & Secchi (TMM; Brazil; diet) | |||
| * | 2012 | Domning, D.P. (TI; in capt., INPA, Manaus; history of project) | ||
| * | 2013 | Franzini et al. (TI; Urucú region, Brazil; traditional knowledge) | ||
| 2013 | Carmo et al. (TI; changes in blood parameters after transport) | |||
| 2013 | Kikuchi et al. (TI; in capt., Manaus; behavior; acceleration data loggers) | |||
| 2013 | Sousa et al. (TI, TMM; Marajó Island; ecological knowledge of fishermen) | |||
| 2013 | Alves et al. (TMM; northeastern Brazil; aerial survey) | |||
| x | 2013 | Senter & Snow (forelimb skeleton of Bartholin's (1654) "merman" identified as Trichechus sp.; 257-262.) | ||
| 2014 | Ciotti et al. (TMM; Brazil; C & N isotopes) | |||
| 2014 | Guterres-P. et al. (TI; Mamirauá & Amanã Sustainable Development Reserves; feeding ecology) | |||
| 2015 | Van Roosmalen, M.G.M. (Trichechus pygmaeus, n.sp.; Rio Aripuanã Basin, Amazonas) | |||
| 2015 | Sidrim et al. (TI, TMM; in capt.; yeast microbiota) | |||
| * | 2016 | Antunes et al. (TI; commercial exploitation, 1904-1969) | ||
| 2016 | Alves et al. (TMM; abundance estimate by aerial survey) | |||
| 2017 | Arraut et al. (TI; migration routes & hydroelectric dams) | |||
| 2017 | Borges, Lima, et al. (TI; Cryptosporidium, Giardia) | |||
| 2017 | Balensiefer et al. (TMM; strandings) | |||
| 2018 | Souza, D. A., et al. (TI; captive-raised; reintroduction) | |||
| * | 2019 | Silva et al. (TI; manatee research project at INPA, Manaus) | ||
| 2019 | El Bizri et al. (TI; central Amazonia; meat consumption & trade) | |||
| 2019 | Carvalho et al. (TM; cerebral & cardiac congenital malformations in neonates) | |||
| 2019 | Crema et al. (TI; Rios Negro & Tapajós; stable isotopes in bones, teeth, & milk; movements between habitats and water types) | |||
| 2020 | Conceição et al. (TMM; Panaquatira, Maranhão; stranding) | |||
| 2020 | Attademo, Nascimento et al. (TMM; Pernambuco) | |||
| * | 2020 | Perini et al. (Trichechus hesperamazonicus, n.sp.; Pleist., Rondônia) | ||
| 2020a | Luna & Attademo (TMM, in capt.; children's book) | |||
| 2020b | Oliveira Luna, Fábia de; Loffler Niemeyer Attademo, Fernanda (TMM; children's book) | |||
| 2021 | Brum et al. (TI; conservation; Amazonia) | |||
| * | 2021 | Souza et al. (TI; Central Amazon; estimating occupancy and detection probability) | ||
| 2021 | Attademo, Luna et al. (TMM; Rio Grande do Norte; conservation) | |||
| 2021 | Siciliano et al. (Trichechus spp.; hunting; historical records) | |||
| 2021 | Emin-Lima, Costa et al. (TI; near Belém; historical records; mating activity) | |||
| * | 2021 | Luna et al. (TMM, TI; genetics, population biology) | ||
| 2022 | Meirelles et al. (TMM; conservation status) | |||
| 2022 | Noronha, Almeida et al. (TI, TMM; hybridization in Amazon estuary) | |||
| 2022 | Izidoro & Schiavetti (TM; Costa dos Corais; economic importance, manatee watching, tourism) | |||
| n.d. | Brandão, A.F. | |||
| Britain ( 11 ) | ||||
| 1784-85 | Pennant, T. (manatee) | |||
| x | * | 1801 | Stewart, C. ("Trichechus manatus borealis"; stranded near Leith; 85.) | |
| x | * | 1817 | Stewart, C. ("Trichechus manatus borealis"; stranded near Leith, 1785; 125.) | |
| x | 1828 | Fleming, J. ("Manatus borealis"; Leith; 29.) | ||
| x | 1829 | Anon. (manatee-like animal; Shetland Islands; 57-60.) | ||
| x | 1837 | Bell, T. ("Manatus borealis"; strandings; 525.) | ||
| x | 1857 | Baikie, B. (?manatees; Orkney; 29.) | ||
| 1864 | Gray, J.E. (manatees) | |||
| x | * | 1874 | Flower, W.H. (Halitherium canhami, n.sp.; Suffolk; 1-7, pl. 1.) | |
| 1973b | Anon. | |||
| x | 1973b | Anon. ("Felsinotherium" [= Miosiren canhami]; m[3].) | ||
British Guiana: British Guiana: SEE Guyana ( 0 )
British Honduras: British Honduras: SEE Belize ( 0 )