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A

Abundance: Abundance: SEE Aerial Surveys of Distribution; Conservation; Population Biology ( 0 )
Accidental Death or Injury ( 148 )
(SEE ALSO: Conservation; Hunting and Capture; Natural Death or Injury)
x  1932Hirasaka, K. (DD; Japan; trap seine; 3.)
x  1943Lowery, G.H., Jr. (TM; Louisiana; blasting for seismic survey; 253.)
x  1951aMoore, J.C. (TML; Florida; blasting; 3-4.)
x  1957Cadenat, J. (TS; Senegal; nets; 1368-1369.)
x  1958Leakey, L.S.B. (DD; East Africa; fishing nets; m19.)
x  1965Harrisson, T. (DD; Borneo, Sabah; nets; 103.)
x  1965Layne, J.N. (TML; Florida; propeller wounds; 166-167.)
x  1966Jarman, P.J. (DD; Kenya; nets; 85.)
x  1966Thomas, D. (DD; Rameswaram, India; nets; 80-82.)
x  1969Allsopp, W.H.L. (TM; Guyana; barges, culverts; 347.)
x  1969Bibby, G. (DD; Abu Dhabi; nets; 304.)
x  1970aBertram & Bertram (DD; Sri Lanka; nets; 53-55.)
x  1970bBertram & Bertram (DD; Sri Lanka; nets; 363.)
x  1970Yin, T. (DD; Burma; nets; 326.)
x  1972Heinsohn & Birch (DD; Australia; nets; 415-417.)
x *1972Heinsohn, G.E. (DD; Australia; nets; 205-208.)
x  1972Kenchington, R.A. (DD; Australia; nets; 884.)
x  1974aHartman, D.S. (TM; Florida; boats, 213-214; other causes, 222.)
x *1974Heinsohn & Spain (DD; Australia; nets; 146-152.)
x  1975Forrester et al. (TM; intussusception; 566-568.)
   1976Campbell & Powell
x  1976Cole & Okera (TS; Sierra Leone; nets; 42.)
x  1976Gallagher, M.D. (DD; Bahrain; blasting for seismic surveys; 211.)
x *1976Heinsohn, Marsh & Spain (DD; Australia, Kenya; nets; 117-121.)
x  1976Neville et al. (TI; Peru; nets; m155.)
x  1977Harris & Bertram (DD; Abu Dhabi; nets; 5-6.)
x  1978Heinsohn et al. (DD; Australia; boats; 92.)
x  1979Barrett, S.K. (TM; Florida; flood-control dams; 26.)
x  1979Hartman, D.S. (TM; Florida; 124-125.)
x *1979Odell & Reynolds (TM; southern Florida; flood-control dams, etc.; 572-577.)
   1979Paterson, R.
x  1980aAnon. (TM; Florida; boats, dams; pop. acc.; 49.)
   1980Harper, H. (TM; Florida)
x  1980Lal Mohan, R.S. (DD; India; fishing nets; 392-397.)
x  1981aAnderson, P.K. (DD; mode of entanglement in nets; boat collisions; 643.)
x  1981bAnderson, P.K. (DD; Australia; boat; m106.)
x  1981Beck et al. (TM; Florida; 1978; 76-85.)
x  1981aBeusse et al. (TM; Florida; 1974-77; 98-101.)
x  1981Brownell & Ralls (TM; Florida; carcasses salvaged, 1974-77; 147-154.)
x  1981Brownell, Ralls & Reeves (TM; Florida; review & research needs; 6-10.)
x  1981Irvine, Odell, & Campbell (TM; Florida; 1974-77; 67-75.)
x  1981cReynolds, J.E., III (TM; Blue Lagoon, Miami, Florida; flood-control dams, boats, etc.; 29-30.)
x  1981Schad et al. (TM; Panama Canal; boat, blasting; 2.)
x  1982aAnon. (TMM; Brazil; net; 3.)
x *1982Beck et al. (TM; Florida; analysis of propeller wounds; 531-535.)
x  1982Bonde, R.K. (TM; Florida; pop. acc.; 3-5.)
x  1982Fletemeyer, J. (TM; Florida; protection by sonar monitoring near dredges; 296-299.)
x  1982Marsh & Heinsohn (DD; Australia; nets; 3.)
x  1982Montgomery et al. (TM; Panama Canal; blasting, ship propeller; 257.)
x  1982Rathbun et al. (TM; South Carolina; nets; 154, 156-157.)
x  1982Robineau & Rose (DD; Djibouti; shark nets; 235, 237.)
x  1983aAnon. (DD; Persian Gulf; oil spill; 180.)
x  1983Begley et al. (DD; Persian Gulf; Nowruz oil spill; 79.)
x *1983Bonde et al. (TM; salvage & necropsy manual; i-v, 1-175.)
x  1983aGluckman, D. (Florida; laws & educational programs for manatee protection; 233-252.)
x  1983aKinnaird, M.F. (TM; northeastern Florida; boats; 47, 49.)
x *1983bKinnaird, M.F. (TM; Florida; strategies to reduce boat-related mortality, 1-19; propeller guard designs, 20-43.)
x *1983cKinnaird, M.F. (TM; Florida; causes of boat-related mortality; 1-41.)
x  1984Buergelt et al. (TM; Florida; necropsy findings; boat kills, ingestion of monofilament line, drowning; 1331-1333.)
x  1984Buergelt, C.D. (TM; Florida; 1980-83; 28-29.)
x  1984Hall, A.J. (TM; Florida; photo of propeller injury; 400.)
x  1984Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (DD; Australia; possible biases in shark-net data, 773, 778; survivorship & mortality, 778-780.)
   1984Northridge, S.P.
x  1984Powell & Rathbun (TM; northwestern Florida; 1974-82; 18-19, 21.)
x  1984bAnon. (DD; Arabian Gulf; oil spills, fishing; 362.)
x  1985O'Shea, Beck et al. (TM; Florida; 1976-81; 1-11.)
x  1985Rathbun, Woods & Ottenwalder (TM; Haiti; beach seines; 234-236.)
x  1986cAnon. (DD; Persian Gulf; not exterminated by oil spill; 25.)
  *1986Marsh, Freeland et al. (DD; Northern Terr., Australia; stranding by cyclone)
x  1987Estrada & Ferrer (TM; Cuba; nets, boats, blasting for seismic surveys; 10.)
  *1988Beeler & O'Shea (TM; southeastern U.S.)
x  1988Bulman, P. (TM; Florida; boats; 23.)
x  1988Dailey et al. (TM; Florida; boat; m159.)
x  1988Ho, H.C. (DD; Singapore; ?boat; 25.)
x  1988eMarsh, H. (DD; Queensland; nets; 497-498.)
x  1988O'Shea et al. (TM; Venezuela; boats, nets; 284, 289, 292.)
x  1988aO'Shea, T.J. (TML; southeastern U.S.; historical records; 186-187, 190-191, 199-200.)
x  1988Provancha & Provancha (TM; Banana R., Florida; boats; 332.)
x  1988Reeves et al. (TS; Sierra Leone; nets; 83.)
x  1989Leatherwood & Reeves (DD; Sri Lanka; nets; 4, 80, 85-89.)
x  1989Lewis, T.A. (TML; Florida; boats; pop. acc.; 42-49.)
x *1989aPreen, A. (DD; Arabian region; oil spill, 6, 51, 53, 69, 83, 90, 119; ?red tide, 43, 55; gill nets, 47-53, 96-100, 127-130, 134; trawlers, 100, 128-129.)
   1990Oliveira et al. (TMM; northeastern Brazil; mortality)
x  1990Paterson, R.A. (DD; Queensland; shark nets; 155-156.)
x  1990Rathbun et al. (TM; northwestern Florida, 1982-85; boats; 23, 30-32.)
x  1990Sigurdsson & Yang (DD; Singapore; boats, ?nets; 28, 34.)
x  1991Beck & Barros (TML; Florida; debris ingestion & entanglement; 508-510.)
x  1991Bradley, J.J. (DD; Northern Territory, Australia; nets; m107.)
x  1991Frazier & Mundkur (DD; India; nets; 371-372.)
x  1991Haigh, M.D. (TMM; Guyana; boat collisions in canals; 345, 347.)
x  1992Ketten et al. (TML; boats; possible role of poor hearing; 88-89, 92.)
x  1992Marmontel et al. (TMM; Colombia; boat; m308.)
x  1992Shackley, M. (TML; Florida; effects of tourism; 257-261.)
x  1993Turner & Buckingham (TML; Georgia; tugboat; 1, 10-11.)
   1994Vallee, J.D. (TML; Florida; boat collisions)
   1994Vallee, J.D. (TML; Florida; boats)
x *1995Ackerman et al. (TML; Florida; mortality, 1974-1992; 223-258.)
x  1995De Iongh, Wenno et al. (DD; Lease Islands, Indonesia; nets; m761.)
x  1995O'Shea, T.J. (TML; Florida; boats, 298-302, 305, 308-309; fishing, 302-303.)
x  1995Preen & Marsh (DD; Hervey Bay, Queensland; gillnets; 516.)
   1995Reid et al. (TML; Atlantic coast, Florida; reproduction & mortality)
   1995Wright et al. (TML; Florida; boat collisions, 1979-1991; 259-268.)
x  1996aAnon. (TML; Florida, 1995; pop. acc.; 11.)
x  1996Krogh & Reid (DD; New South Wales; shark nets; 221-223.)
x  1996Pain, S. (TML; Florida; flood-control gates & protective devices; 22.)
   1996Yang & Zhou (incidental catch)
x  1997Marsh et al. (DD; Australia; fishing nets; 130.)
   1998Gribble et al. (DD; Queensland; shark nets)
x  1998Preen, A.R. (DD; Arabian Gulf; at least 14 killed in 1991 Gulf War oil spill; m176.)
   2000Marsh, H. (DD; Great Barrier Reef, Australia; gill & mesh nets)
x *2001O'Shea et al. (TML; Florida; injury & suffering; population biology; 31-43.)
  *2001Marsh et al. (DD; Queensland; mortality in shark nets)
x  2002Ashley, G. (TML; Florida; boats; 8.)
   2003Aipanjiguly et al. (TML; Tampa Bay, Florida; attitudes of boaters)
x  2005Anonymous (DD; Tanzania; nets; 492.)
  *2006Laist & Shaw (TML; Florida; boat speed restrictions and mortality)
   2006Phillips et al. (TML; detection ranges for acoustic-based manatee avoidance technology)
   2006aYan, Clifton et al. (TML; rib bone; fracture mechanics)
   2006Maitland et al. (DD; Burrum Heads, Queensland, Australia; risk of boat strike)
   2006Lightsey et al. (TML; watercraft-related mortality; necropsy methods)
   2007Anderson, L.H. (TML; children's novel)
   2007Calleson & Frohlich
  *2007Rommel et al. (TML; watercraft-induced wounds)
   2007Morris et al. (TML; boater outreach program)
   2007cBorges et al. (TMM; Brazil; threats and injuries from motorboats)
   2007Hodgson et al. (DD; Australia; use of acoustic alarms to prevent accidental netting)
  *2008bClifton et al. (TML; rib bone; quantitative fractography)
x  2008Chiang, M. (TML; Lake Okeechobee, Florida; anti-crush system on canal lock gates; pop. acc.; 8-10.)
   2008Grech et al. (DD; bycatch assessment)
   2008Meirelles, A.C.O. (TMM; Ceará, Brazil; mortality)
   2008aClifton et al. (TML; mechanical properties of rib bone)
   2009Anonymous (Trichechus; collisions with boats)
   2009Joly et al. (TML; necropsies; cause-specific mortality rates)
   2010Work et al. (experiments on boat collisions)
   2010Jett & Thapa (TML; Florida; speed zone compliance by boaters)
   2011Harr et al. (TML; boat strike; infection)
   2012Jett et al. (TML; Florida; boater speed-zone compliance)
  *2012Bonde, Mignucci-Giannoni, & Bossart (pathology & mortality assessment)
   2012Reynolds & Marshall (physical traits, life history, & vulnerability of sirs.)
x  2013Friedman-Rudovsky, J. (TM; Cuba; fishing trawls; m447.)
   2013Bauduin et al. (TML; Florida; interaction with watercraft)
   2014González-Socoloske et al. (TMM; Honduras; entanglement in fishnets)
   2015Martin, Sabatier et al. (TML; encounter rate theory & boat collisions)
   2016Edwards et al. (TML; Florida; diving & risk of boat collisions)
   2017Reinert et al. (TML; marine debris)
   2018Rycyk et al. (TML, Florida; behavioral response to boats)
  *2019Udell et al. (TML; evaluating risk of collision with boats)
   2019Mayaka et al. (TS; Cameroon; conflicts with humans)
Aerial Surveys of Distribution ( 152 )
x  1944Barbour, T. (TML; Florida; manatees seen from blimp; 99.)
x  1971Hughes & Oxley-Oxland (DD; Mozambique; 299-300.)
x  1974aHartman, D.S. (TM; Florida, Georgia; 2, 5, 33-36, 38, 203-209.)
x  1976Heinsohn & Wake (DD; eastern Queensland; 16-18.)
x  1976Heinsohn, Spain & Anderson (DD; Queensland; 21-23.)
x  1976Ligon, S.H. (DD; Queensland; 580-582.)
x  1976Odell, D.K. (TM; southern Florida; 203-206, 212.)
x  1977Ligon & Hudson (DD; Papua New Guinea; 1-5.)
x  1978Anderson & Birtles (DD; Queensland; 2, 5-6.)
x  1978Anderson & Heinsohn (DD; Australia; results comp. w/ questionnaire surveys; 21.)
x  1978Campbell & Gicca (TM; Mexico; 260, 263.)
x  1978Heinsohn et al. (DD; Brisbane, Australia; 91-92.)
x  1978Irvine & Campbell (TM; southeastern U.S.; 613-617.)
x  1979Bengtson & Magor (TM; Belize; 230-232.)
   1979Eberhardt et al.
   1979Heinsohn et al. (DD; Australia)
x  1979Leatherwood, S. (TM; Indian & Banana Rs., Florida; 47-59.)
x  1980Belitsky & Belitsky (TM; Dominican Republic; 313-319.)
x  1981Brownell, Anderson et al. (DD; Palau; 25-33.)
x  1981Elliott, M.A. (DD; Northern Territory, Australia; 57-62.)
x  1981aHeinsohn, G.E. (DD; Queensland; 55.)
x  1981cHeinsohn, G.E. (DD; survey techniques; 217-227.)
x  1981bHudson, B.E.T. (DD; Papua New Guinea; outline of survey program; 134.)
x  1981Marsh & Heinsohn (DD; Queensland; workshop on survey techniques; 345-353.)
x  1981Marsh et al. (DD; Wellesley Islands, Australia; 261-264.)
x  1981Powell & Waldron (TM; upper St. Johns R., Florida; 42, 50.)
x  1981Powell et al. (TM; Puerto Rico; 642-646.)
x  1981Powell, J.A., Jr. (TM; Crystal R., Florida; 33-35.)
x  1981Prince et al. (DD; Western Australia; 69-80.)
x  1981Rose, P.M. (TM; Florida; at power plants, 1977-78; 22-24.)
   1981Shane, S.H.
x  1982aAnderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; 69-84.)
x  1982Eberhardt, L.L. (TM; Florida; applicability to censusing; 3-4, 6, 14.)
x  1982Fairbairn & Haynes (TM; Jamaica; 289-293.)
x  1982Irvine et al. (TM; western Florida; 621-630.)
x  1982Irvine, A.B. (TM; Florida; recommended survey techniques; 241-242.)
x  1982Ligon, S.L.H. (DD; Kenya; 1975; 511-513.)
x  1982Robineau & Rose (DD; Djibouti; 235-236.)
   1983Hudson, B.E.T. (DD; Torres Strait)
x  1983aKinnaird, M.F. (TM; northeastern Florida; census of manatees and boats; 1-56.)
x  1983Kochman et al. (TM; Crystal R., Florida; 1977-81; 80, 92-114, 117.)
x *1983Packard & Mulholland (TM; Florida; 1977-82; 1-119.)
x *1983Packard et al. (TM; Florida; correction factors derived from radiotagging; 1-10.)
x  1983Rathbun et al. (TM; Honduras; 301-305.)
x  1983bShane, S.H. (TM; Brevard Co., Florida; 3-5.)
x  1984Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (DD; Australia; observations of calves; 771-772, 774-776.)
x *1984Packard, Frohlich et al. (TM; Ft. Myers, Florida; 1983-84; 1-63.)
x  1984Powell & Rathbun (TM; northwestern Florida; 2-3, 10-18.)
x  1984Shane, S.H. (TM; Brevard Co., Florida; power plants; 181-182.)
   1985Kinnaird, M.F. (TM; Florida)
x  1985Kochman et al. (TM; Crystal R., Florida; 921-924.)
x  1985Packard, Frohlich et al. (TM; Ft. Myers, Florida; 1984-85; 1-20.)
x *1985aPackard, J.M. (TM; development of techniques; i-vi, 1-68.)
x  1985Packard, Summers & Barnes (TM; Florida; correction factors derived from radiotagging; 347-351.)
   1985Rathbun, Carr et al. (TM; Puerto Rico)
x  1985Rathbun, Woods & Ottenwalder (TM; Haiti; 234-235.)
x  1985Reynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida; power plants, 1982-83; 413-422.)
x  1986aAnderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; 475, 477, 479-481.)
x  1986Bayliss, P. (DD; Australia; experimental techniques; 27-37.)
   1986Hudson & Marsh (DD; Torres Strait)
x  1986aMarsh, H. (DD; Torres Strait; 55-65.)
x *1986Packard et al. (TM; Florida; use of replicate counts; 265-275.)
x  1986Prince, R.I.T. (DD; northern Western Australia; 5-20, 35-37.)
x  1986Reynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida; power plants, 1984-85; 103-113.)
   1988bAnderson, P.K.
   1988Nabor & Patton (TML; west coast of Florida)
x  1988O'Shea et al. (TM; Venezuela; 283-289, 297-298.)
x  1988Provancha & Provancha (TM; Banana R., Florida; 323-338.)
x  1988Rathbun et al. (DD; Palau; 265-270.)
x  1988Rathbun, G.B. (TM; Florida; advantages of fixed- vs. rotary-wing aircraft; 71-75.)
   1988aReynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida)
   1988bReynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida; power plants, 1977-1986)
x  1989Bayliss & Freeland (DD; Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia; 141-149.)
x  1989Chambers & Bani (DD; aerial survey "not the most appropriate technique" for status survey in Vanuatu; 13-14.)
x  1989aMarsh & Sinclair (DD; Australia; visibility bias correction; 1017-1024.)
   1989bMarsh & Sinclair
   1989Nabor & Patton (TM; Florida)
x  1989Packard et al. (TML; Ft. Myers, Florida; near power plant; 692-700.)
x  1989Preen et al. (DD; Arabian region; techniques; 41-42.)
x *1989aPreen, A. (DD; Arabian region; 18-24, 27-32, 36-47, 57-66, 75-81, 94-96, 100-112, 115-119, 156-162, 176-200.)
x  1990Marsh & Saalfeld (Australia, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Queensland; 1986-87; 511-524.)
   1990Morgan & Patton (TML; west coast of Florida)
x  1990Rathbun et al. (TM; northwestern Florida; 1-33.)
   1991Hersh, S.L. (TML; Florida; Feb. 1991; pop. acc.)
   1991Kadel, Dukeman & Patton (TML; western Florida; 1988)
   1991Kadel, Morgan & Patton (TML; western Florida; 1990)
x *1991Lefebvre & Kochman (TML; Florida; replicate count methodology; 298-309.)
x  1991Marsh & Saalfeld (DD; Torres Strait; 1987-88; 187-191.)
x *1991O'Shea & Salisbury (TMM; Belize, 1989, 156-158; summary of data from Caribbean region, 159.)
x  1991O'Shea et al. (TML; Ft. Myers, Florida, 1982; 169, 173.)
  *1992Kadel & Patton (TML; Florida; 1985-90)
x  1994Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; 381-386.)
x  1994Garrott et al. (TML; Florida; power plants, 1977-1992; 642-654.)
   1994Livermore, B. (TMM; Honduras; aerial survey; pop. acc.)
x  1994Marsh et al. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; 149-161.)
x  1994Reynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida; power plants, 1982-1992; 163-177.)
x  1994Tilmant et al. (TML; south Florida; before & after 1992 hurricane; 236.)
   1995Ackerman, B.B. (TML; Florida; progress report)
x  1995De Iongh, Wenno et al. (DD; Lease Islands, Indonesia; 759-761.)
   1995Lefebvre et al. (TML; Florida)
x  1995Marsh et al. (DD; Palau; 85-89.)
   1995aMarsh, H. (DD; fixed-width transects)
x  1995Preen & Marsh (DD; Hervey Bay, Queensland; 508-517.)
x  1995Reynolds et al. (TMM; Costa Rica; 193, 195.)
  *1996Miller et al. (TML; Florida; aerial survey & aerophotogrammetry)
   1996Wamukoya et al. (DD; Kenya)
   1997Adulyanukosal et al. (DD; Andaman coast, Thailand;)
x  1997Craig et al. (TML; Atlantic coast, Florida; population trends, 1982-92; 524-541.)
x  1997Marsh, Harris & Lawler (DD; Torres Strait, 1987 & 1991; 1377-1381.)
   1997Morales & Olivera (TMM; Quintana Roo, Mexico; 1992-96)
x  1997Preen et al. (DD; Western Australia; 188-195, 198-205.)
   1997Wamukoya et al. (DD; Kenya)
x *1999Miller et al. (TML; Florida; strip-transect methods; 561-570.)
x  1999Whiting, S.D. (DD; Sahul Banks, Australia; 1996; 609-612.)
x  2000Lefebvre et al. (TML; Indian River Lagoon, Florida; 1988-89; 290-291.)
   2000Flamm et al. (TML; Florida; videogrammetry from tethered airship)
   2001Marsh & Lawler (DD; southern Great Barrier Reef & Hervey Bay, Australia)
   2002White et al. (TML; Duval Co., Florida; 1994-98)
  *2002Wright et al. (TML; Tampa Bay, Florida; 1987-94; 259-274.)
   2003Lanyon, J.M. (DD; Moreton Bay, Australia; 1995; 397-409.)
   2004Craig & Reynolds (TML; Atlantic coast of Florida; model of population trends)
   2004Marsh et al. (DD; Torres Strait, Australia)
   2004Gales et al. (DD; Western Australia)
   2005aHines et al. (DD; Thailand)
   2006Pollock et al. (DD; aerial survey methods)
   2006Holley et al. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia)
   2007Shirakihara et al. (DD; southern Japan)
   2007Kiszka et al. (DD; Mayotte)
   2007Edwards et al. (TML; Florida; detection probability)
   2008Garrigue et al. (DD; New Caledonia)
   2008Hines et al. (DD; Cambodia & Vietnam; conservation)
   2010Rajamani & Marsh (DD; Malaysia)
   2010Lanyon et al. (DD; Queensland, Australia)
   2011Semeyn et al. (TML; Lee County, Florida)
   2011Langtimm et al. (model to estimate manatee abundance)
   2012Martin et al. (experimental use of drones)
  *2012Reynolds et al. (utility & design of aerial surveys for sirs.)
   2013Hodgson et al. (DD; Australia; use of drones in aerial surveys)
   2013Maire et al. (DD; detection from drones)
   2013Alves et al. (TMM; northeastern Brazil)
   2014González-Socoloske et al. (TMM; Honduras)
   2014Kleen & Breland (TML; Citrus County & Kings Bay, Florida; seasonal use of warm-water refuge)
   2014Hagihara et al. (DD; Australia; correction factors for surfacing times)
  *2016Edwards & Ackerman, eds. (TML; Florida; 1984-2004)
   2016Alves et al. (TMM; Brazil; abundance estimate)
   2018Mignucci, Iglesias et al. (TMM; Puerto Rico; helicopter surveys)
   2019Castelblanco-Martínez et al. (TMM; Caribbean region; monitoring methods)
   2019Collazo et al. (TMM; Puerto Rico; population estimates)
   2020Infantes et al. (DD; Thailand; reproductive behavior; use of drones)
   2020Landeo-Yauri et al. (TML; Belize; photo-identification by drones)
   2021Edwards et al. (TML; aggregations; monitoring by unmanned aerial systems)
  *2021Keith-Diagne et al. (TS; Senegal River; movement patterns; satellite tracking)
Africa ( 248 )
(SEE ALSO: Indian Ocean; Egypt; Madagascar; Red Sea)
   1582SEE Luke, H.C., 1925.
   1660SEE Soza de Castro, F. de, 1907.
   1682SEE Merolla da Sorrento, J., 1814.
   1684SEE Santos, J. dos, 1814.
   1735Atkins, J.
   1746Barbot, J.
   1747Prévost, A.F.
   1757Adanson, M. (Senegal)
   1777Sparrman, A.
x  1812Beeckman, D. (Cape of Good Hope; hippopotamus referred to as "manitee" or "sea-cow"; 150-151.)
   1814Merolla da Sorrento, J. (TS; Zaire R.)
x  1814Santos, J. dos (DD; Mozambique; 700-701.)
x  1830Davies, J. H. (DD; "Mombass" [=Mombasa?]: 188.)
x  1836bRobert, C. (TS; Senegal; skeleton; 363.)
x  1837Herapath, A. N. (Manatus senegalensis; Gabon R.; gen. acc.; 110-111.)
   1838-45Smith, A. (DD)
   1843Clarke, R.
   1845Adanson, M. (TS; Senegal)
x *1848Perkins, G.A. (Manatus nasutus, n.sp.; West Africa; 198-199.)
x  1851Wyman, J. (Manatus nasutus; West Africa; 192.)
   1856Owen, R.
x  1857Baikie, B. (Manatus Vogelii, M. Senegalensis; 29-31, 33.)
   1857-58Barth, H.
x  1857Shaw, N. (TS; Benué R.; 98-99.)
x  1860McBain, J. (TS; skull; 150-152.)
x  1861aDu Chaillu, P.B. (TS; "Camma country", West Africa; 367.)
x  1861bDu Chaillu, P.B. ("Manatus Oweni"; West Africa; m471.)
x  1868Heuglin, M.T.v. (supposed "Manatus" in Ethiopia; 247, 289.)
   1872aGervais, P. (cf. Halitherium; Isthmus of Suez; 341.)
x  1874Schweinfurth, G. (TS; Keebaly R.; 160.)
   1875Monteiro, J.J.
   1875aZigno, A. de (Halitherium sp.; Mioc., Isthmus of Suez)
   1877Peters, W.
x  1881Flower, W.H. (TS; West Africa; hunting; 454-455.)
   1881Nachtigal, G.
x  1883Moloney, C.A. (TS; Gold Coast; 27-29.)
x  1883Rochebrune, A.T. de (TS; Senegambia; 190-191.)
   1884Johnston, H.H.
   1885Büttikofer, J.
x  1888Jentink, F.A. (TS; Liberia; 33-34.)
   1889Noack, T.
x  1890Büttikofer, J. (TS; Liberia; 2: 392-393.)
   1890Du Bocage, J.V.B.
   1893Matschie, P.
   1897Sjöstedt, Y.
   1900Cligny, A.
   1901Gratiolet, L.
x  1903Gruvel, A. (TS; Congo; barnacle Chelonibia manati; 116.)
x  1905bOsborn, H.F. (origin of sirs.; m242.)
   1906Johnston, H.H.
   1907bAnon.
   1908Maclaud, C. (TS; hunting)
   1912Andrews, C.W.
   1912Stanley, W.B. (TS; Gambia)
   1912Wiese und Kaiserswaldau
x  1913Frobenius, L. (TS in Yoruba mythology; 1: 199.)
   1917Calvert, A.F.
   1920Marquardsen, H.
   1920Schwarz, E.
x  1923Anon. (TS; Niger R.; 75.)
x  1923aPetit, G. (DD; traditional customs; Comoro Is., 75-77, 80; Red Sea, 77, 83; French Somaliland, 80.)
   1923Robert, M. (Congo)
   1924Migeod, F.W.H.
x  1924ePetit, G. (DD; Djibouti; m295.)
x  1924-25Vosseler, J. (DD; German East Africa; feeding behavior; 225-226.)
   1925Luke, H.C. (TS; Sierra Leone in 1582)
x  1925Pécaud, G. (Manatus Vogeli & M. senegalensis; Lake Chad & Benué R.; 48.)
   1925Pivert, E.C.V.
x  1926Derscheid, J.M. (TS; Congo; 23, 28-31.)
   1926Migeod, F.W.H. (TS; Sierra Leone)
x  1927bPetit, G. (DD; Malindi, Kenya; hunting; m248.)
   1928Monod, T. (TS; Cameroon)
x  1929Stunkard, H.W. (TS; Congo; trematodes; 255.)
   1930Glanville, R.R. (TS; Sierra Leone)
   1930Martin, E. (TS; Sierra Leone)
   1930Schouteden, H.
x  1931Meek, C.K. (TS; Nigeria; folklore; 76-78, 304.)
   1932Anon. (TS; Sierra Leone)
   1933Anon.
   1933aDollman, G.
x  1933bDollman, G. (DD; Mafia Is., Tanganyika; 16-17.)
x *1934Hatt, R.T. (TS; distr.; 533-534, 554-561, 566.)
x  1935Barrett, O.W. (DD; Portuguese East Africa; 219-220.)
x  1935Dartevelle, E. (?Halitherium; Mioc., Congo; 717-719.)
x  1936Baylis, H.A. (TS; Nigeria; trematodes; 257.)
   1936Jeannin, A. (TS; Cameroon)
x  1936Lopes, A.P. (DD; Mozambique; 33-36.)
   1936Maclatchy, A.R.
x  1937Johnson, E. (TS; Gambia; 63.)
x  1937Sanderson, I.T. (TS; Mamfe; 266-268.)
x  1937Woods, F.J. (TS; Nigeria; hunting, measurements, rituals; 23-28.)
   1938Monard, A.
   1938Roddan, G.M. (TS; Sierra Leone)
x  1939Beal, W.P.B. (TS; gen. acc., econ. use; 125-126.)
   1945Budker, P.
   1947Irvine, F.R. (TS)
x  1948Bessac & Villiers (TS; Senegal; 188-189.)
   1948Wilmet, F.
x  1949aAnon. (TS; Belgian Congo; m36.)
x  1949Colmant, F. (TS; Belgian Congo; 11.)
   1949Malbrant & Maclatchy (TS; Sangha R., Congo)
   1951Jeannin, A. (DD)
x  1952Dekeyser, P.L. (TS; Senegal; 243.)
   1952Hamidun, M.W. (Mauritania)
x  1952Macfadyen, W.A. (indeterminate sirs.; Middle Eoc., Somalia; 348.)
   1953Ellerman et al.
x  1954Ennouchi, E. (Felsinotherium cf. serresi; Plioc., Morocco; 77.)
x  1957Cadenat, J. (TS; Senegal; 1368-1369.)
x  1958Anon. (DD; Kenya; photos; 693, 792.)
x  1958Leakey, L.S.B. (DD; East Africa; in large rivers; 19-20.)
x  1958Savory, B. (DD; East Africa; 255-258.)
x  1960Blancou, L. (TS; West Africa; conservation; 244.)
x  1961Moore, J.C. (DD; Kenya; photos; 54-55.)
   1962Magnier, P. (Libya)
   1963Bertram, G.C.L. (TS, DD)
x  1964Cansdale, G. (TS; Ghana; 170-171.)
   1964Savage & White
x  1965Kuhn, H.-J. (TS; Liberia; 333.)
x  1965Savage, R.J.G. (Middle Eoc. sirs., Libya; 90-91.)
x  1965Stubbings, H.G. (TS; Senegal; barnacles; 876.)
x  1966aAnon. (DD; Kenya; netting; pop. acc.; 46-49.)
   1966bAnon. (DD; Kenya)
x  1966Funaioli & Simonetta (DD; Somali Republic; status; 317.)
x *1966Jarman, P.J. (DD; Kenya; 82-88.)
x  1966Kinzer, J. (TS; Ivory Coast; 47.)
   1967Travis, W. (DD; Somalia)
   1968Howell, J.H.
   1968Ray, G.C. (DD; Tanzania)
   1968aSimons, E.L.
   1968Selley, R.C. (sir. [Rytiodus heali]; Mioc., Jebel Zelten, Libya)
x  1969Allsopp, W.H.L. (TS; Sierra Leone; 351.)
x  1969Curry-Lindahl, K. (DD & TS protected under African Conservation Convention; 122.)
   1969Hughes, G.R. (DD; Mozambique)
x  1969Robinson & Black (Mioc. sirs., Tunisia; m69.)
x  1970Howes & Bamber (DD; Kenya; 327.)
x  1970Lowes, R.H.G. (TS; Sierra Leone; 310.)
   1971Best, P.B.
x  1971Hughes & Oxley-Oxland (DD; Mozambique; 299-301.)
x  1971Kingdon, J. (DD; natural history; 391-398.)
x  1971Randall, J.E. (DD; Tanzania; proposed reserve; m12.)
   1971Robinson, P.T.
x  1971Savage, R.J.G. (Eoc. & Mioc. sirs., Libya; 219-221.)
x  1972Dupuy, A.R. (TS; Senegal; 780.)
   1972Norris, H.T.
x  1973Bertram & Bertram (DD, East Africa, 307-308; TS, West Africa, 317.)
   1973Dupuy, A.R.
   1973Happold, D.C.D. (TS)
x  1973Poche, R. (TS ?extinct in Niger; 218.)
   1973Savage & Hamilton
x  1974Bertram, G.C.L. (DD; Somalia; 17-19.)
x  1974Itoh & Tsuyuki (TS; Gambia R.; 307.)
   1974Robinson & Black (indeterminate sir.; Mioc., Tunisia)
   1974Robinson, P. (Tunisia)
x  1974Sikes, S. (TS; Nigeria; hunting, conservation; 465-470.)
   1974?Simoneau, E.L. (DD; Afars & Issas)
x  1975Bertram & Sale (dugong research in East Africa; report of meeting; 389-390.)
   1975Happold, D.C.D.
x  1975Savage, R.J.G. (Eoc. & Mioc. sirs., Libya; m824.)
x  1976Cole & Okera (TS; Sierra Leone; 42-43.)
   1976Dupuy & Maigret (TS; Senegal)
x  1976Heinsohn, Marsh & Spain (DD; Kenya; accidental netting; 121.)
   1976Robinson, P. (Tunisia)
   1976Smithers & Lobão Tello (DD; Mozambique; 166.)
x  1976Tinley et al. (DD; Mozambique; 346, 348.)
   1977Dupuy & Verschuren (TS; Senegal)
x  1977Savage & Tewari (indeterminate sirs.; Middle Eoc., Somali; 218.)
x *1978cDomning, D.P. (review of sir. fossil record in Africa; 573-581.)
x  1979Boaz et al. (Metaxytherium; Plioc., Libya; 137-139.)
x  1979Cascudo, L. da C. (TS; West African folk beliefs; pop. acc.; 28.)
x  1980Blair, D. (DD; Kenya, Djibouti; trematode Indosolenorchis hirudinaceus; 512-513.)
   1981Teleki & Baldwin (TS; Sierra Leone)
x  1982Boaz & Cramer (Metaxytherium; Plioc., Sahabi, Libya; pop. acc.; 37, 40-41.)
x  1982cDomning, D.P. (Metaxytherium serresii; Plioc., Sahabi, Libya; 29-32.)
x  1982Ligon, S.L.H. (DD; Kenya; aerial survey; 511-513.)
   1982Maigret, J. (TS; Senegal)
x *1982Nishiwaki et al. (TS; distr.; 137-147.)
x  1982Robineau & Rose (DD; Djibouti; 233-238.)
x  1982Trotignon, J. (TS; Senegal; pop. acc.; 61-64.)
   1984Studenetskaya, I.S.
x  1985Kendall, B. (DD; Kenya; pop. acc.; 32-33.)
x  1985Said, R.J. (Kenya; traditional stories of dugong origins; 34.)
x  1986Goldsmith, P. (DD; East Africa; hunting with remoras; 231.)
x  1986McLaren et al. (TS; Cameroon; 296.)
   1986Yalden et al. (Ethiopia)
   1987aAnon. (TS; Ivory Coast)
x *1987Domning & Thomas (Metaxytherium serresii, Plioc., Sahabi, Libya, 209, 230; Metaxytherium sp., Mioc., Sahabi, 209.)
   1987Pickford, M. (Eoc. or Olig., Angola)
x  1988Boekschoten & Best (dispersal of Trichechus from America in Pleist.; 110-111.)
   1988Fitzgerald, C. (TS; Ivory Coast)
x *1988Reeves et al. (TS; Sierra Leone; 75-84.)
   1988Howell, K.M. (DD; Tanzania; conservation)
x  1989Geraads, D. (Metaxytherium sp.; Late Mioc., Djebel Krechem, Tunisia; 781, 791.)
   1990Wacher, T. (TS; Gambia)
   1992Depierre & Vivien (TS; Cameroon; 116-117.)
   1994Akoi, K. (TS; Reserve de la Conkouati, Congo)
x  1994Marsh & Lefebvre (distr. & status; TS, 160; DD, 161, 164.)
   1994Nicole et al. (TS; Côte d'Ivoire)
x  1994Stuart & Stuart (DD; distr. & status; 97.)
x  1995Kalk, M. (DD; Mozambique; 329-330.)
x  1995Schuhmann, H.-J. (TS; Guinea-Bissau; 402-409.)
  *1996Powell, J. A. (TS; West Africa; distribution & biology)
x  1996Grigione, M.M. (TS; Cameroon; 189-195.)
   1996Wamukoya et al. (DD; Kenya; aerial survey)
   1997Dutton, T.P. (DD; East Africa)
x  1997Barnett & Prangley (TS; Guinea; 129-130.)
   1997Guissamulo, A. (DD)
   1997Wamukoya et al. (DD; Kenya; aerial survey)
x  1998Grubb et al. (TS; Ghana, Sierra Leone, Gambia; 138-139.)
   1998Stensland et al. (DD; Tanzania)
   1999bDodman, T. (TS; status)
   1999aDodman, T. (TS; conservation)
   1999Angelici et al. (TS; Niger Delta)
   1999Reiner & Simões (TS; Guinea-Bissau; 119-120, 317, 416.)
   1999Silva et al. (TS; Guinea-Bissau)
x  2000Happold, D.C.D. (TS; Nigeria; m195, m201.)
   2001?Di Natale, A. (TS; Mali; gen. acc.)
   2002Jousse & Chenal-Velarde (TS; Mali; Neolithic site)
   2003Ochieng & Erftemeijer (DD; Kenya & Tanzania; 83.)
x  2005Anonymous (DD; Mafia Island, Tanzania; 492.)
   2007Dodman et al. (TS; conservation strategy)
   2007Kiszka & Muir (DD; eastern Africa; gen. acc.)
x  2008Pickford, M. (indeterminate sirs.; Middle Mioc., Pemba & Zanzibar Is., Tanzania; 231-232.)
   2009UNEP/CMS (TS; conservation action plan)
  *2010Sikes, S.K. (TS; Nigeria)
  *2010Domning et al. (sir. fossil record)
   2011Findlay et al. (DD; Mozambique)
   2011Domning & Sorbi (Rytiodus heali, n.sp.; Early Mioc., Jabal Zaltan, Libya)
  *2012Hautier et al. (Prorastomidae indet.; Middle Eoc., Senegal)
  *2012Kouadio, A. (TS; West Africa; distribution, status, & conservation.)
  *2012Muir & Kiszka (DD; East Africa; distribution, status, & conservation)
   2012Keith Diagne, L. (TS; Gabon)
   2012Luiselli et al. (TS; Nigeria; habitat overlap with crocodiles)
   2012UNEP/CMS (TS; West Africa; conservation)
   2013Prista et al. (Euro-North African sirs.; extinction)
   2013Ogogo et al. (TS; South Nigeria; ecology & status)
  *2013Benoit et al. (new primitive sir.; Eoc., Tunisia; ear region, comp. w/ Prorastomus sirenoides)
   2013Mayaka et al. (TS; Cameroon; conservation & ethnobiology)
   2013Domning, D.P. (gen. acc.)
   2014Zouhri et al. (Eosiren sp.; Late Eoc., Morocco)
   2014Esenowo et al. (TS; Nigeria; measurements, behavior, food preferences)
   2014Gingerich & Cappetta (Protosirenidae, Dugongidae; lower Middle Eoc., Togo)
x  2015Coster et al. (indet. sir.; Early Olig., Sirt Basin, Libya; 50-52.)
   2016Cosentino & Fisher (TS; as bushmeat)
  *2017Domning et al. (Libysiren sickenbergi, n.gen. n.sp.; middle Eoc., Libya)
   2019Odewumi et al. (TS; Nigeria; water parameters & flora of habitat)
   2019Mayaka et al. (TS; Cameroon; conflicts with humans)
   2021Keith-Diagne et al. (TS; Senegal River; movement patterns; satellite tracking)
   2021Takoukam et al. (TS; Cameroon; habitat suitability)
African Manatee: African Manatee: SEE Trichechus senegalensis and synonyms ( 0 )
Age Determination ( 30 )
(SEE ALSO: Birth and Breeding; Embryology & Ontogeny; Growth Rates; Population Biology)
x  1866Lartet, E. (Rytiodus; tusks; 676-677.)
   1908aFreund, L.
x  1938Todd & Todd (Trichechus spp., DD; epiphyseal union sequence; 4-5, 31-35.)
x  1940Pocock, R.I. (DD; cranial sutures, 331; cheek teeth, 339-340.)
x  1948Bessac & Villiers (TS; lifespan ?100 years, 188; "swallow one pebble per year", 189.)
x  1968aBertram & Bertram (DD; tusks, teeth; m390.)
x  1970Scheffer, V.B. (DD; tusks; 187-190.)
x  1972Heinsohn, G.E. (DD; body length; 208-211.)
x *1973Mitchell, J. (DD; skulls, teeth; 1-23.)
x  1974James, P.S.B.R. (DD; skulls, teeth; 174-176, 180-182.)
x  1976Mitchell, J. (DD; tusks; 25-28.)
x  1977Domning & Magor (TI; tooth replacement not useful; 437.)
x  1978Kasuya & Nishiwaki (DD; tusks; 301-310, 4 pls.)
x *1978Mitchell, J. (DD; tusks; 317-348.)
x *1980Marsh, H. (DD; Australia; dentition; 181-201.)
x  1980Domning & Myrick (TI; tetracycline marking of rib; 203-207.)
x  1981Marsh & Kasuya (DD; tusks; workshop on growth-layer reading; 354-368.)
x *1981eMarsh, H. (DD; techniques; 311-343.)
x  1981Mitchell, J. (DD; Queensland; growth layers in tusks; 99-109.)
   1984Myrick, A.C., Jr.
x  1989aPreen, A. (DD; Arabian region; growth layers in tusks; 54, 86.)
   1990Marmontel et al. (TML; growth layers in bone)
x  1991aDomning, D.P. (DD; pelvic bones; ontogenetic variation; 311-316.)
x *1996Marmontel et al. (TML, TMM; growth layers in bone; 54-88.)
  *2009Schwarz & Runge (TM; age estimation; body length; Bayesian analysis)
x  2009Bragg, Micháel (Thïs is å såmple ãnnötatiön för testing önlý.)
   2012Parr et al. (DD; molecular aging)
   2017Nganvongpanit et al. (DD; Andaman Sea & Gulf of Thailand)
  *2019Lonati et al. (TML; periotic bones)
  *2020Cherdsukjai et al. (DD; Thailand; age determination by telomere length, body length & weight)
Alabama ( 10 )
x  1884bTrue, F.W. (TM; m114.)
x  1964Siler, W.L. (indeterminate sir.; Middle Eoc.; 1108.)
x  1965Arata & Jackson (indeterminate sir.; Middle Eoc.; 175-176.)
x  1982Domning, Morgan & Ray (indeterminate sirs.; Eoc.; 4, 6, 8-9, 17.)
x  1988aO'Shea, T.J. (TM; 187, 199.)
x  1990Rathbun et al. (TM; 30.)
  *2005Fertl et al. (TM)
  *2009Pabody et al. (TM)
x  2015Baker, J.R. (TML; pop. acc.; m46.)
   2017Hieb et al. (TM)
Alaska ( 28 )
x *1883Stejneger, L. (HG; Aleutians; 84.)
x *1884bTrue, F.W. (HG; supposedly seen alive at Attu; 136.)
x  1885aWoodward, H. (HG; bones supposedly found in peat; 458.)
x  1891Lucas, F.A. (HG; Attu; m627.)
xD 1924Hay, O.P. (Desmostylus; ?Alaska; 1.)
x  1958Grekov, V.I. (HG; Aleutians; 96-98.)
xD 1959Byers, F.M. (Cornwallius; Unalaska; 289.)
xD 1961Drewes et al. (Cornwallius; Unalaska; 606-607, 667.)
xD 1963Mitchell & Repenning (desmostylians; 11, 15-16.)
x  1971Gard & Szabo (HG; Pleist., Amchitka; 577.)
x *1971Hall, E.S., Jr. (HG; archeological site, Kangiguksuk; 23, 34, 52.)
x  1972Gard et al. (HG; Pleist., Amchitka; 867-868.)
   1975Pewe, T.L.
x  1975Szabo & Gard (HG; Pleist., Amchitka; 457-459.)
 D 1976Reinhart, R.H. (Cornwallius; Unalaska; 283-284.)
x *1977Whitmore & Gard (HG; Pleist., Amchitka, 1-19; archeological site, Kangiguksuk, 3, 15.)
x  1978bDomning, D.P. (HG; 105, 135-139, 161-162.)
x  1978Simenstad et al. (HG; former ecological role in Aleutians; m409.)
  *1979Liapunova, R. G. (HG; Near Islands)
   2004Savinetsky et al. (HG; in archaeological sites)
 D 2006bBeatty, B.L. (Cornwallius sookensis; Unalaska)
 D*2007Jacobs et al. (unnamed desmostylians; Unalaska; earliest Mioc.?)
  *2007Domning et al. (HG; Aleutian Islands)
  *2008Corbett et al. (HG; Aleutian Islands; kelp diet & stable isotope composition of bone)
x *2008Turner, L.M. (HG; Attu; behavior, hunting; 106-107.)
 D 2009Jacobs et al. (desmostylians; Olig.-Mioc.)
  *2014Crerar et al. (HG; St. Lawrence Is.; DNA, stable isotopes)
 D*2015Chiba et al. (Ounalashkastylus tomidai, n.gen.n.sp.; Olig.-Mioc., Unalaska)
Amazonian Manatee: Amazonian Manatee: SEE Trichechus inunguis and synonyms ( 0 )
Amblychilus Fischer von Waldheim, 1814 ( 2 )
  *1813-14Fischer v. Waldheim, G.
x  1978cDomning, D.P. (syn. of Dugong; m578.)
Anatomy ( 110 )
(SEE ALSO: Brain and Nervous System; Circulatory System; Digestive System; Embryology; Endocrinology; Growth Rates; Histology; Myology; Pathology; Respiratory System; Skeleton; Urogenital System; and under species)
x  1820Diard & Duvaucel (DD; 159-160.)
x  1820Raffles, T.S. (DD; 175-179, 181-182.)
x *1834Rüppell, E. (DD; Red Sea; external morphology & measurements, 101-103, 113; viscera, 103-106; skeleton, 107-112; pl. 6.)
x  1838Humboldt, A.v. (TM; Orinoco R.; 3-8, pls. 1-2.)
x *1838aOwen, R. (DD, etc.; skeleton & viscera; 28-45.)
  *1852Vrolik, W.T. (TM)
x  1853Wallace, A.R. (TI; Brazil; general anatomy & measurements; 185-186, 458-460.)
x  1855aGervais, P. (TI; intestines, skeleton; 114-115.)
x *1857Rapp, W.v. (TM; Suriname; 87-98, pl. 3.)
x *1872aMurie, J. (TMM; external morphology & measurements, 127-134; internal anatomy, 135-189; pls. 17-26.)
x *1876Chapman, H.C. (TM; 452-462, pl. 26.)
x  1878Reichenau, W.v. (brief gen. acc.; external morphology; 137-138.)
x  1880Hartmann, R. (DD; external morphology & measurements; 156-159.)
x *1880Murie, J. (TMM; external morphology & measurements, 27-32, 44; internal anatomy, 32-44; pls. 5-9.)
   1882Gill (flukes)
x  1883Moloney, C.A. (TS; measurements; 28.)
x *1883Pelzeln, A.v. (TI; gen. acc.; 91-94.)
x  1885Ryder, J.A. (development of flukes; 515-519.)
x  1889aLeboucq, H. (DD; fingernail rudiments; 190-192.)
x  1889Zipperlen, A. (TML; external & internal morphology; 25-26.)
x  1891Flower & Lydekker (gen. acc.; 212-214.)
x  1896Neish, W.D. (TMM; Jamaica; external measurements; 288.)
x  1897bKükenthal, W. (manatee spp. diagnosed on external characters; 39-40.)
x *1899Steller, G.W. (HG; external & internal morphology; 182-196.)
x  1906Annandale, N. (DD; external morphology & measurements; 238-241, pls. 7-9.)
x *1906cDexler & Freund (DD; external morphology; 567-581.)
x  1908cAbel, O. (sir. locomotor organs; m403.)
x  1908bGudernatsch, J.F. (TM; external morphology; 226-231, pl. 9.)
x  1924-25Vosseler, J. (TI; measurements, 171-173; ?sexual dimorphism, 173-175.)
x *1925Steller, G.W. (HG; external and internal morphology; 229-236.)
   1927aPetit, G. (DD; Madagascar; external morphology)
x  1935Barrett, O.W. (TMM; 218-219.)
x  1937Woods, F.J. (TS; Nigeria; external measurements & morphology; 24-25.)
   1938Aoki et al. (DD)
x  1938Devillers, C. (TI; external morphology & measurements; 84-88.)
x  1944Pereira, M.N. (TI; gen. acc., 37-45, 83-84; size & color variants, 44-45.)
   1945Hill, W.C.O. (DD)
x *1946Slijper, E.J. (spinal column, muscles, tendons; 28, 42-43, 46-47, 50-53, 71-78, 111-112, 114, 120; tabs. 1, 3, 5-6.)
x  1951Fernand, V.S.V. (DD; pituitary & adrenal, 57-62, pls. 1-2; thymus, 57; thyroid, kidney, & brain weights, 60.)
x *1951Kleinschmidt, A. (HG; skeleton and body reconstruction; 292-314.)
x  1951bMoore, J.C. (TM; measurements; 31-32.)
x *1953Quiring & Harlan (TM; external morphology, 193-195; skeleton, 194-200; viscera, 194, 200-202.)
x *1957Gohar, H.A.F. (DD; Red Sea; external morphology, 6-15, pls. 1-2; peritoneal fat, 11; mouth & tongue, 16-29; external genitalia, 30-35, pls. 2-3; measurements, 41.)
x  1965bKaiser, H.E. (body cavity nomenclature; 426-428.)
x *1966aKaiser, H.E. (body cavity adaptations & hydrostasis; 59, 61-69.)
x  1966bKaiser, H.E. (hydrostatic adaptations; 426.)
x  1966Kinzer, J. (TS; measurements; 48-49.)
x  1968aBertram & Bertram (DD; digestive system, 388-389, 393; fat distribution, 393-394.)
x  1973Kaiser, H.E. (gen. acc.; 1-6.)
   1973Pinto da Silveira, E.K.
x *1975Spain & Heinsohn (DD; size & weight allometry; body & intestinal tract; 159-168.)
x *1976Allen et al. (DD; measurements, organ weights, etc.; 41-46.)
x *1977aDomning, D.P. (DD; measurements, 2; skin thickness, 3; myology, 3-57.)
xD 1977Hasegawa, Y. (artists' reconstructions of desmostylians; pop. acc.; 90-91.)
x  1978Husson, A.M. (TMM; Suriname; body & skull measurements; 337-338.)
x  1978Marsh et al. (DD; external & internal morphology; review; 159-166.)
   1979Kamiya, Uchida, et al.
x  1979Anderson, P.K. (DD; external morphology; 114-120.)
x  1979Hartman, D.S. (TM; Florida; measurements of cow & newborn calves; 120-121, 123-124.)
x  1979Kamiya et al. (DD; organ weights; 129-132, pls. 1-4.)
x  1979Tas'an et al. (DD; Indonesia; external measurements, change of tail shape with growth, organ weights & measurements; 10-13, 20-22, 24, 29-30.)
x  1980Dekker, D. (TM; in capt.; perinatal changes in female, 21-22; growth of young, 26.)
x  1980Haley, D. (HG; reconstruction of body form; 10-11.)
x  1980Irvine et al. (TM; body lengths & weights; 7-8.)
x *1981dHeinsohn, G.E. (DD; standard methods of taking external measurements, other data, & specimen material; 229-235.)
x  1981Odell et al. (TM; organ weights & sexual maturity; 52-65.)
   1982Mellett, J.S.
x *1983Bonde et al. (TM; salvage & necropsy manual; i-v, 1-175.)
x  1984Nietschmann, B. (DD; Torres Strait; external measurements; 634.)
x  1985Rowlatt & Marsh (DD, TM; heart & related thoracic structures; 95-106.)
x  1990Colares et al. (TI; sites for injections & blood sampling; 47.)
x *1991Domning & de Buffrénil (distr. of skeletal mass, lung position & structure, & hydrostasis; 331-368.)
x  1991Frazier & Mundkur (DD; India; external measurements, integument, number of phalanges, organ weights & measurements; 371-375.)
   1995Silva & Downing (body masses)
 D 1996Inuzuka, N. (desmostylians; body size & mass estimates)
 D 1997Inuzuka, N. (Desmostylus; inferred footprint & trackway)
x *1998Marshall, Clark, & Reep (TML; facial anatomy & behavior; 290-303.)
x *1998Reep et al. (TML; facial anatomy & bristles; 258-272.)
x  1999Das & Dey (DD; Andaman Is.; external measurements; 198.)
   1999Richard-Hansen et al. (TMM; French Guiana; external measurements)
 D 2000Suzuki et al. (Desmostylus; crestal pit of molar cusps)
   2000Blaszkiewitz, B. (TMM;)
x  2000Rommel & Reynolds (TML; diaphragm & associated structures; 41-51.)
x  2001Blaszkiewitz, B. (TMM; measurements of newborn twins; 428.)
  *2001Rommel & Lowenstine (TML; gross & microscopic anatomy)
   2002Levin & Pfeiffer (TML; tongue)
   2003Marshall et al. (DD, TI, TMM, TS; orofacial morphology & feeding)
   2003Rommel & Caplan (TML; tail; vascular adaptations for heat conservation)
   2003Rommel et al.
  *2007Chapla et al. (TML; head & ear bones; CT scans)
   2009Schwarz & Runge (TM; estimation of age; body length; Bayesian analysis)
   2009Lanyon et al. (DD, TML; visual & molecular sex recognition)
 D 2009Fujiwara et al. (Paleoparadoxia media; scapular position & strength of rib cage)
 D 2009Fujiwara, S. (Ashoroa, Desmostylus hesperus, Paleoparadoxia repenningi, P. tabatai; olecranon orientation, elbow joint angle, & forelimb posture)
x *2010bVergara-P. et al. (TI; Brazil; length of "palmo", unit used by Amazonian hunters to measure manatee body lengths; 37-43.)
   2010Amaral, Silva, & Rosas (TI; morphometrics & body size estimation)
  *2010Sarko et al. (DD, TML, fossil sirs.; body size estimation)
   2011Adulyanukosol et al. (DD; Thailand; morphology and organ weight)
   2012Reynolds & Marshall (physical traits, life history, & vulnerability of sirs.)
 D 2012Fujiwara & Hutchinson (Desmostylus, Paleoparadoxia repenningi; elbow adductor moment arm & forelimb posture)
   2012Castelblanco-M., Morales-V., & Padilla-S. (TMM; Mexico; craniometrical predictors of body size)
  *2013Franzini et al. (TI; Urucú region, Brazil; ethnocategories)
  *2013Bills et al. (TML; anal glands; chemosensation)
   2014Esenowo et al. (TS; Nigeria; measurements)
   2015Puttick & Thomas (Body mass evolution in Afrotheria)
 D 2016Pyenson & Vermeij (Sirs. & desmostylians; maximum body size as indicator for productivity; 1-4.)
  *2016Harshaw et al. (morphometric body condition indices)
   2020Cherdsukjai et al. (DD; Thailand; age determination by telomere length, body length & weight)
  *2021Valdevino et al. (TI; estimating body length from bone measurements)
  *2021bCastelblanco-Martínez et al. (TMM; marine & riverine ecotypes)
Anisosiren Kordos, 1979 ( 2 )
  *1979Kordos, L.
x  1982Sereno, P.C. (m8.)
Anisosiren pannonica Kordos, 1979 ( 3 )
  *1979Kordos, L.
x  1980Kordos, L. (m385; nature of type material, 387.)
x  1982Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 35-36, 55.)
Anomotherium langewieschei Siegfried, 1965 ( 7 )
  *1965Siegfried, P.
x  1982Kleinschmidt, A. (body proportions, 375; m378-380; bone density, 388-389.)
x  1986Rothausen, K. (Olig., Germany, 528, 539, 545; comp. w/ ?Halitherium, 529.)
   1988Krüger, F.J. (Olig., Germany)
  *2008Diedrich, C.G. (Olig., Germany)
   2012Beatty et al. (osteology and tooth development)
   2013aDiedrich, C.G. (paleobiogeography)
Anomotherium Siegfried, 1965 ( 4 )
  *1965Siegfried, P.
x  1978bDomning, D.P. (comp. w/ Dusisiren; 14, 73-74.)
x  1987Domning & Thomas (probably related to Miosiren, not Metaxytherium; 207.)
x  1997cDomning, D.P. (biostratigraphic utility; m178.)
Anoplonassa Cope, 1869 ( 2 )
  *1869Cope, E.D.
x  1872aGill, T. (in classification; 92.)
Anoplonassa forcipata Cope, 1869 ( 3 )
  *1869Cope, E.D.
   1890Cope, E.D.
x  1907True, F.W. (Cope's referral to Sirenia; 97.)
Antaodon Ameghino, 1886 ( 1 )
x *1886Ameghino, F. (A. cinctus, n.gen.n.sp., described as a tapiroid; 151ff.)
Anthropocephala Billberg, 1827 ( 2 )
  *1827Billberg, G.J.
   1828Billberg, G.J.
Antillean Manatee: Antillean Manatee: SEE Trichechus manatus; Trichechus manatus manatus; and synonyms ( 0 )
Arabia: Arabia: SEE Asia; Red Sea ( 0 )
Archaeoparadoxia Barnes, 2013 ( 3 )
 D*2013Barnes, L.G. (new genus)
 D 2015Matsui & Kawabe (Paleoparadoxia sp.; early Mioc., Chikubetsu, Hokkaido, Japan)
 D 2015Matsui & Kawabe
Archaeoparadoxia weltoni Barnes, 2013 ( 1 )
 D*2013Barnes, L.G. (n.comb.)
Archaeosiren Abel, 1913 ( 8 )
  *1913aAbel, O.
x  1916aMatthew, W.D. (m27.)
x  1932aSimpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 471, 473, 481, 495, 499.)
x  1941Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 152-154, pl. 6.)
x  1945Simpson, G.G. (syn. of Eotheroides; 135.)
x  1951Reinhart, R.H. (m209.)
x  1978cDomning, D.P. (syn. of Eotheroides; m575.)
x  1982Kleinschmidt, A. (syn. of Eotheroides; 378-379.)
Archaeosiren stromeri Abel, 1913 ( 4 )
  *1913Abel, O.
x  1938Zdansky, O. (m429, m432.)
x  1953Kretzoi, M. (m274.)
x  1992Gingerich, P.D. (Egypt; stratigraphic horizon; ?syn. of Eosiren libyca; 75-76.)
Archaeosireninae Abel, 1914 ( 1 )
  *1914Abel, O.
Archeological Sites, Sirenia at ( 99 )
   1848Squier & Davis (supposed manatee effigies among stone tobacco pipes; Mississippi Valley)
   1875Wyman, J.
   1882Barber, E.A. (supposed manatee effigies among stone tobacco pipes; Mississippi Valley)
  *1883Henshaw, H.W. (supposed manatee effigies among stone tobacco pipes; Mississippi Valley)
   1885Hartt, C.
x *1897Etheridge et al. (DD; Sydney, Australia; ?Pleist. ?kill; 174, 178-180, pls. 8-11.)
x  1905Etheridge, R., Jr. (DD; New South Wales; 18-19.)
x  1911Gann, T.W.F. (TM; Belize; 78, 82.)
x  1916Miller, G.S., Jr. (TM; Santo Domingo; 9.)
   1918Gann, T.W.F. (TM; Belize)
x  1918Miller, G.S., Jr. (TM; St. Croix, Virgin Is.; 509.)
   1925Gann, T.W.F. (TM; Honduras)
   1925Patte, E.
   1928Gann, T.W.F. (TM; Belize)
x  1929Miller, G.S., Jr. (TM; Dominican Republic; 11-12.)
   1935Loven, S. (TM; West Indies)
   1935Strong, W.D. (TM; Honduras)
   1937Lothrop, S.K. (TM; Panama)
x  1942Gunter, G. (Texas; no records of sirs.; 89.)
x  1957Pollock & Ray (TM; Mayapan, Mexico; carved rib; 644, 653.)
   1959Murie, O.J. (HG; no records in Aleutians)
x  1960Ray, C.E. (TMM; St. Lucia; 412.)
   1962Proskouriakoff, T. (TM; Yucatan)
   1964Bullen, R.P. (TM; Grenada)
   1964Ladd, J. (TM; Panama)
   1964Rouse, I.
x *1967Feriz, H. (Brazil; clay figurine of manatee; 373-374.)
   1967Wing, E.S.
x  1968Wing et al. (TM; Antigua; 129.)
x  1969Bibby, G. (DD; Abu Dhabi; 303-304, 306.)
   1970Fox, R.B. (DD; Philippines)
   1970Waller, B.I. (TM; Florida)
x  1971Hall, E.S., Jr. (HG; Kangiguksuk, Alaska; 16th Century Eskimo site; 23, 34, 52.)
x  1972bDomning, D.P. (possibility of finding HG; 188-189.)
x  1972Gard et al. (HG; no records in Aleutians; 868.)
   1973Wing, E.S.
   1975Bulliet, R.W. (DD; South Arabia)
   1975Wing, E.S. (TM; Mexico)
   1976Hojo, T. (DD; Okinawa)
x  1976Loveland, F.O. (TM; Panama; 80.)
x  1976Roaf, M. (DD; Bahrain; 144, 149-151.)
x  1977Bertram, G.C.L. (DD; Umm an-Nar, Abu Dhabi; m3.)
 D 1977Sato & Ijiri (Paleoparadoxia tabatai)
x  1977Whitmore & Gard (HG; Alaska; 3, 15, 18.)
   1977Wing, E.S. (TM; Mexico)
x  1978bDomning, D.P. (HG; lack of records; 134.)
   1978Eaton, J.D. (TM; Mexico)
   1978Magnus, R.W. (TM; Nicaragua)
   1978Willey, G.R.
   1979Hasegawa & Nokariya (DD)
x  1979Hoch, E. (DD; United Arab Emirates; Umm an-Nar; 591, 597-601, 604, 606, 634.)
x *1980Cumbaa, S.L. (TML; Florida; 6, 8-9.)
   1980Linares, O.F. (TM)
   1980Scott, K.W. (TM; Belize)
   1980Wing & Scudder
   1980Wing, E.S. (TM; Panama)
x  1981Bertram, G.C.L. (DD; Abu Dhabi; m3.)
x  1982Olsen, S.J. (TM; identification of bones from Mayan sites; 8, 41-42, 54, 56-57, 62, 66, 70, 75, 90.)
x  1982Wing & Reitz (TMM; Caribbean; 16, 24.)
x  1983Bradley et al. (TM; hypothetical use by Olmecs; 1-82.)
   1983Neumayer, E. (DD; India; depicted in rock paintings)
   1984McKillop, H.I. (TM; Belize)
x *1984bMinnegal, M. (DD; Queensland; butchering; 15-20.)
x  1984Powell & Rathbun (TM; northwestern Florida; 20.)
x  1984Watters et al. (TM; Barbuda; 404, 406-407, 409.)
x *1985McKillop, H.I. (TMM; Mayan area, Central America; 340-348.)
   1985Al-Tikriti, W.Y. (DD; United Arab Emirates)
x  1986Steininger, F.F. (TM; St. Lucia; 42, 74.)
x  1989Leatherwood & Reeves (DD; Sri Lanka; 86.)
   1989Uerpmann, H.P. (DD; Oman)
   1990Bautista, A.P. (DD; Philippines)
   1990Bowdler, S. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia)
   1990Desse & Desse-Berset (DD; Failaka, Kuwait)
   1990Bowdler, S. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia)
x *1991Bradley, J.J. (DD; Sir Edward Pellew Islands, Australia; modern use of sites; 104-109.)
x *1991Prieur & Guérin (DD; Umm al-Qaiwain, United Arab Emirates; 72-83.)
x  1993Healy, P. (Honduras; supposed manatee effigies on pottery; 202-203, 213.)
   1993Van Neer & Gautier (DD; United Arab Emirates)
   1993Uerpmann, M. (DD; Bahrain)
   1994Nishinakagawa et al. (dugongid; Japan)
   1994Uerpmann & Uerpmann (DD; Bahrain)
   1994Van den Driesch, A. (DD; United Arab Emirates)
x  1995Hoch, E. (DD; United Arab Emirates; Umm an-Nar; 249-251, 254-255.)
   1995Wing & Wing (TM; Grenada)
   1995Stephan, E. (DD; United Arab Emirates)
x  2000Mayor, A. ("Halitherium"; France; as ?inspiration of folklore & use for Paleolithic tools; 145, 166, 259, 325.)
  *2002Penders, T. (TML; Windover site, Florida)
   2002Jousse & Chenal-Velarde (TS; Mali; Neolithic site)
  *2002Jousse et al. (DD; Akab Island, United Arab Emirates)
   2003McNiven & Feldman (DD; Torres Strait, Australia; dugong bone mounds)
  *2003Jousse & Guérin (DD; United Arab Emirates; 337-347.)
   2004Haworth et al. (DD; Botany Bay, Australia; subfossil)
   2004Savinetsky et al. (HG; Bering Sea region)
   2006David et al. (DD; Torres Strait, Australia; dugong bone mounds & rituals)
   2007Crouch et al. (DD; Torres Strait; dugong bone mounds)
   2008Corbett et al. (HG; Alaska; kelp diet & stable isotope composition of bone)
  *2008McNiven & Bedingfield (DD; Torres Strait; hunting rates)
  *2009Méry et al. (DD; Akab, United Arab Emirates; Neolithic ritual site)
   2013McNiven, I. (DD; Torres Strait, Australia; middens)
Arctic Region ( 8 )
x  1861Strauss-Durckheim, H. (?HG; Hudson's Bay; 513-514.)
x  1863aBrandt, J.F. (HG; Siberia & ?Hudson's Bay; 563.)
xD*1927Pfizenmayer, E.W. ("Desmostylus" Wollosowitschi, n.sp.; Pleist., New Siberian Islands; 492-496.)
x  1958Grekov, V.I. (HG; Siberia; 98, 100.)
 D 1970Strelkov, S.A.
x  1971Hall, E.S., Jr. (HG; Kangiguksuk, Alaska; 23, 34, 52.)
x  1977Whitmore & Gard (HG; Kangiguksuk, Alaska; 3, 15, 18.)
x  1978bDomning, D.P. (HG; possible records; 136-139.)
Argentina ( 16 )
x *1883Ameghino, F. (Ribodon limbato, n.gen.n.sp.; Mioc.-Plioc., Paran R.; 112-113.)
x  1885Ameghino, F. (Ribodon limbatus; 100-105.)
x  1886Ameghino, F. (Ribodon limbatus; 147-151.)
   1889Ameghino, F.
   1891Ameghino, F.
   1893Ameghino, F.
   1904Ameghino, F.
   1906Ameghino, F.
   1907Branca, W.
x *1953Pascual, R. (Ribodon; Mioc.-Plioc.; 163-167.)
x  1966Pascual, R. (cf. Felsinotherium; Late Mioc., Paran R.; 242.)
  *1976Reinhart, R.H. (Metaxytherium; Mioc., Paran R.)
x  1982bDomning, D.P. (Ribodon limbatus; Mioc.-Plioc., Paran R.; 602-603.)
x  1982Sereno, P.C. (Florentinoameghinia; Early Eoc., Patagonia; 1-10.)
  *2000Cione et al. (Dioplotherium, Ribodon limbatus; Middle-Late Mioc.)
  *2012Veléz-J. et al. (Metaxytherium sp., Dioplotherium sp.; Late Mioc., Entre Ríos)
Ashokia antiqua Bajpai, Domning, Das, & Mishra, 2009 ( 2 )
  *2009Bajpai et al. (n.gen.n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Kutch, India)
x  2017Chatterjee et al. (brief summ. of Eoc. record; m92.)
Ashokia Bajpai, Domning, Das, & Mishra, 2009 ( 1 )
  *2009Bajpai et al. (n.gen.; Middle Eoc., Kutch, India)
Ashoroa Inuzuka, 2000 ( 3 )
 D*2000bInuzuka, N. (n.gen.)
 D 2013Hayashi et al. (bone histology & aquatic adaptation)
 D 2013Inuzuka, N. (comp. w/ Desmostylus & Paleoparadoxia; osteology, paleoecological restoration)
Ashoroa laticosta Inuzuka, 2000 ( 1 )
 D 2000bInuzuka, N. (n.gen.n.sp.)
Asia ( 121 )
(SEE ALSO: Arctic Region; Bering Sea; China; East Indies; Indian Ocean; India; Japan; Red Sea; Russia; Sakhalin; Sri Lanka; Taiwan)
   1851Horsfield, T. (DD; Siam; 139.)
   1908O'Malley, L.S.S. (DD; Bangladesh)
   1925Patte, E.
xD*1927Pfizenmayer, E.W. ("Desmostylus" Wollosowitschi, n.sp.; Pleist., New Siberian Islands; 492-496.)
x  1934Hirasaka, K. (DD; Korea; 4221.)
   1934Landsberger, B.
x  1958Grekov, V.I. (HG; northern coast of Siberia; 98, 100.)
   1959Thesiger, W. (DD; Arabia)
x  1960bAnon. (Trichechus; Thailand; weed control; m5.)
x  1960cAnon. (Trichechus; Thailand; weed control; m70.)
   1961Thiemmedh, J. (DD; Gulf of Thailand)
x  1962Tranngocloi, N. (DD; Vietnam; 451.)
x  1967Aung, S.H. (DD; Burma; 221.)
   1968Thiemmedh, J. (DD; Thailand)
x  1969Bibby, G. (DD; Abu Dhabi; 224, 303-304, 306.)
x  1970Yin, T. (DD; Burma; 326-327.)
xD 1971Dubrovo & Sinel'nikova (Desmostylus hesperus; Kamchatka; 670-673.)
   1971McCue, J.
x  1973Bertram & Bertram (DD; distr. & status; 307-309.)
x  1973Tekkaya, I. ("Halitherium (Metaxytherium) sp."; Upper Mioc. or Lower Plioc., Bayraktepe, Turkey; m118.)
   1976Carp, E. (DD; United Arab Emirates)
x  1976Gallagher, M.D. (DD; Bahrain; 211.)
x  1976Roaf, M. (DD; Bahrain; archeol. site; 144, 149-151.)
   1977eAnon. (DD)
x  1977Bertram, G.C.L. (DD; Abu Dhabi; 3-4.)
x  1977Harris & Bertram (DD; Abu Dhabi; 5-6.)
x  1977Savage & Tewari (indeterminate sirs.; Mioc., Iran; 218.)
   1978Herdson, D.M. (DD; Bahrain)
x  1979Hoch, E. (DD; United Arab Emirates; archeological site; 591, 597-601, 604, 606, 634.)
x  1981Jones, S. (DD; Burma, India, Sri Lanka, & neighboring areas; distr. & status; 43-54.)
x  1982Thomas et al. (indeterminate sirs.; late Early Mioc., Al-Sarrar, Saudi Arabia; 120.)
   1982Thomas et al. (Mioc., Saudi Arabia)
x  1983aAnon. (DD; Persian Gulf; deaths from oil spill; 180.)
x  1983Begley et al. (DD; Persian Gulf; Nowruz oil spill; 79.)
x  1984bAnon. (DD; Arabian Gulf; deaths from oil spills and fishing; leather used for sandals; 362.)
   1985Anderson, P.K. (DD; Arabia; pop. acc.)
   1985Taylor, D.C. (DD; Arabia; pop. acc.)
   1985Al-Tikriti, W.Y. (DD; United Arab Emirates; archaeological site)
   1986bAnderson, P.K. (DD; Arabia; pop. acc.)
x  1986cAnon. (DD; Persian Gulf; not exterminated by oil spill; 25.)
   1987Preen, A.R. (DD; Persian Gulf)
x  1987Whitmore, F.C., Jr. (indeterminate sir.; Saudi Arabia; m447.)
   1988Preen, A.R. (DD; Arabia)
x *1989Preen et al. (DD; Arabian region; conservation; 1-43.)
x *1989aPreen, A. (DD; Arabian region; status & conservation; 1-200.)
   1989Uerpmann, H.P. (DD; Oman; archeol. site)
   1990Al-Khalili, A.D. (DD; Bahrain)
   1990Desse & Desse-Berset (DD; Failaka, Kuwait; archaeological site)
x  1991aBrown, J.N.B. (DD; United Arab Emirates; status; 20-21.)
x  1991bBrown, J.N.B. (DD; Abu Dhabi; meat sold; 33.)
   1991aKamiya, T. (DD; Persian Gulf; effects of Gulf war)
x  1991Kingdon, J. (DD; Arabia; pop. acc.; 112-114.)
   1991Krupp, F. (DD; Persian Gulf)
x  1991Prieur & Guérin (DD; United Arab Emirates; archeological site; 72-83.)
x  1992Hellyer, P. (DD; Abu Dhabi; 44.)
   1992Sheppard et al. (DD; Arabia)
x  1992Whybrow, P. (?Pleist., Abu Dhabi; 20.)
x  1993Hellyer, P. (DD; Abu Dhabi; 24.)
   1993Van Neer & Gautier (DD; United Arab Emirates; archaeological site)
   1993Uerpmann, M. (DD; Bahrain; archaeological site)
   1994Adulyanukosal & Chantrapornsyl (DD; Thailand)
   1994Graham & Round (DD; Thailand; 25, 196, 214, 216, 218.)
   1994Nateekanjanalarp & Sudara (DD; Thailand; conservation)
   1994Uerpmann & Uerpmann (DD; Bahrain; archaeological site)
   1994Van den Driesch, A. (DD; United Arab Emirates; archaeological site)
   1995Baldwin, R. (DD; Abu Dhabi)
x  1995Hellyer, P. (DD; United Arab Emirates; 32.)
x  1995Hoch, E. (DD; United Arab Emirates; archaeological site; 249-251, 254-255.)
x  1995Smith et al. (DD; Vietnam; 147-148, 161, 163-164, 166, 170.)
   1995Stephan, E. (DD; United Arab Emirates; archaeological site)
   1996Baldwin, R. (DD; United Arab Emirates)
x  1996Supanwanid, C. (DD; Thailand; 315.)
   1997Smith et al. (DD; Vietnam)
   1997Adulyanukosal et al. (DD; Andaman coast, Thailand; aerial survey)
   1997Baldwin & Cockcroft (DD; Arabian Gulf; status)
x  1998Lucas et al. (Kazakstan; Early Olig.; 320, 325-326, 346.)
   1998Bryden et al. (DD)
   1998As-Saruri et al. (Middle Eoc., Yemen)
x  1998Goodwin et al. (?prorastomid; Middle Eoc., Israel; 813-815.)
x  1998Preen, A.R. (DD; Arabian Gulf; at least 14 killed in 1991 Gulf War oil spill; m176.)
   1999Mukai et al. (DD; Thailand; effects of grazing; carrying capacity)
x  1999As-Saruri et al. (indet. ?sir.; Middle Eoc., Yemen; 448.)
x  1999Nakaoka & Aioi (DD; Thailand; Halophila growth in feeding trails; 97-103.)
x  1999Whybrow & Clements (indet. sirs.; Middle Eoc., Yemen, m462; Middle Mioc., Saudi Arabia, m465.)
x  2000Cappetta et al. (indeterminate sir. ["Halitherium sp."]; Late Eoc., Jordan; 91.)
   2001Francis, C.M. (DD; Southeast Asia)
   2001Yamamuro et al. (Halophila ovalis; Thailand)
   2001Adulyanukosal et al. (DD; Thailand; stomach contents)
   2002Keijl & Van der Have (DD; Iran)
   2002Jousse et al. (DD; Akab Island, United Arab Emirates; archaeological site)
   2002Hines, E. (DD; Thailand; conservation; 155-180.)
   2002Keijl & Van der Have (DD; Iran)
   2002Nakaoka et al. (DD; Thailand; impact of foraging on benthic animal communities)
   2002Senthil-Kumar et al. (DD; Thailand; dioxins/furans & PCBs)
   2003Kumar et al. (DD; Thailand; dioxins/furans & PCBs)
   2005Perrin et al. (eds.) (DD; Southeast Asia; conservation)
   2005Yamamuro & Chirapart (DD; Thailand; Halophila ovalis)
   2005aHines et al. (DD; Thailand)
   2005bHines et al. (DD; Andaman Coast, Thailand; conservation)
   2007Ilangakoon & Tun (DD; Myanmar; conservation)
   2007Harino et al. (DD; Thailand; organotin compounds)
   2007Adulyanukosol et al. (DD; Thailand; variation in reproductive behavior)
   2008Hines et al. (DD; Cambodia & Vietnam; conservation)
x  2008Inan et al. (Metaxytherium medium; Middle Mioc., Turkey; 1-7.)
   2009Méry et al. (DD; Akab, United Arab Emirates; Neolithic ritual site)
   2011Hodgson, A.J. (DD; Saudi Arabia)
  *2012Preen et al. (DD; Arabia; distribution, status, & conservation)
  *2012aHines, E. (DD; distribution, status, & conservation)
   2012cAragones et al. (Thailand; working with communities for dugong conservation)
   2014Mirzaie Ataabadi et al. (indet. sirs.; Oligo/Mioc., Iran)
   2017Nganvongpanit et al. (DD; Thailand; identification of tusks by X-ray fluorescence)
   2017Tanaka et al. (DD; Thailand; vocalisation patterns)
   2017Al-Abdulrazzak & Pauly (DD; Persian/Arabian Gulf; historical baselines)
   2018Marshall et al. (DD; Qatar; aggregations)
   2019Tubbs et al. (DD; Cambodia)
   2020Infantes et al. (DD; Thailand; reproductive behavior; use of drones)
   2020Petcharat & Lee (DD; Thailand; nonuse value)
   2020Satyaningtijas et al. (DD; Indonesia; blood cell counts & parasites)
   2020Zalmout et al. (Eotheroides; Late Eoc., Jordan)
   2021Poommouang et al. (DD; Thailand; genetic diversity)
  *2022Pyenson et al. (cf. DD; Pleistocene, Qatar)
Australia ( 374 )
x  1699Witsen ("sea-cows"; Nova Hollandia; m361.)
x  1798Collins, D. (DD; south of Botany Bay, New South Wales; 1:409.)
   1814Flinders, M. (DD; Moreton Bay)
x  1827King, Phillip P. (DD; Shark Bay; m183.)
   1837SEE Petrie, C.C., 1932.
   1838Tytler, R.
x  1843Backhouse, J. (DD; near Brisbane; 368-369.)
   1852MacGillivray, J. (DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland; fishery)
   1852Sidney, S.
x  1857Fairholme, J.K.E. (DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland; 352-353.)
   1860Bennett, G. (DD; Queensland)
   1862Wight, G. (DD; Queensland; oil)
   1863Gould, J.
   1876Thorne, E. (DD; Queensland; oil)
x  1881Anon. (DD; Queensland; econ. use; 738-747.)
x  1882Faithful, P. (DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland; 3-7, 9, 11, 13, 15.)
   1883Ramsay, E.P.
x  1883Wallace, A.R. (DD; Queensland; 54.)
x *1884De Vis, C.W. (Chronozoon australe, n.gen.n.sp.; ?Plio-Pleist., Queensland; 392-395, pl. 17.)
x  1886Miklouho-Maclay, N. de (DD; Mabiak, Torres Strait; m193.)
   1887Collett, R. (DD; Queensland)
   1888Senior, W. (DD; Moreton Bay)
   1890Haddon, A.C. (DD; Torres Strait; scarification with dugong totems)
   1892Ogilby, J.D.
x  1893Howes & Harrison (DD; skeleton & teeth; 790.)
   1893Kent, W.S.
   1893Stretton, W.G. (Gulf of Carpentaria; making of harpoon rope)
x *1897Etheridge et al. (DD; ?Pleist. skeleton, Sydney, 170-174, 178-180, pls. 8-11; modern distr., 172.)
x  1897Loyau, G.E. (DD; Queensland; origins of fishery; 365.)
x  1899Hunt, A.E. (DD; Torres Strait; used as food; m13.)
   1901aFinsch, O. (DD; Queensland; hunting)
  *1901-35Haddon, A.
x  1901Roth, W.E. (DD; Queensland; hunting; 30.)
   1903Semon, R.
x  1904aLorenz, L.v. (DD captured by Dexler; m1.)
   1905Dexler, H.
x  1905Etheridge, R., Jr. (DD; New South Wales; 17-19, pl. 4.)
   1905Welsby, T. (DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland)
x  1906Annandale, N. (DD; netting; 242.)
x  1906bDexler & Freund (DD; 49-50.)
   1907Le Souëf, W.H.D. (DD)
x  1909Anon. (DD; econ. use & hunting; 93.)
   1909Lucas & Le Souëf (DD)
   1910Anon.
x  1912Harris, W.K. (DD; hunting, econ. & medicinal uses; 226-228.)
   1917Marius (DD; pop. acc.)
x  1919Jay, D. (DD; harpooning; 40-41.)
x  1923Jackson, E.S. (DD; medicinal use of oil by Dr. Wm. Hobbs; m282.)
   1924Adams, M.P.G.
x  1925Lee, I. (DD; early accounts; 19-21, 482, 520, 523.)
   1925Tindale, N.B.
x  1926Dahl, K. (DD; Roebuck Bay, Western Australia; m266.)
   1926Le Soueff & Burrell
   1932Haddon, A.C. (DD; Torres Strait; hunting & rituals)
   1932Petrie, C.C.
   1934Hale & Tindale (DD; Princess Charlotte Bay, Queensland)
x *1934Thomson, D.F. (DD; Cape York Peninsula; Aboriginal hunting lore; 237-263, pls. 29-31.)
x  1936Moore, W.R. (DD; econ. use; m746.)
x  1936Sunter, G.H. (DD; Northern Territory; harpooning; 47-48.)
x  1937Promus, J. (DD; Queensland; commercial netting; 40-41.)
x  1937Sunter, G.H. (DD; Northern Territory; harpooning; dugong killing crocodile; 53-61.)
x  1938Wood, T. (DD; Buccaneer Archipelago; m46, m53.)
   1939Patterson, E.K. (DD; hunting)
x  1941Johnston & Mawson (DD; nematode Dujardinia; 432.)
   1945Church, A.E. (DD; hunting)
   1946Harney, W.E. (DD; Sir Edward Pellew Islands, Northern Territory; hunting)
x  1949Jervis, J. (DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland; oil industry; 340.)
x  1949Loveless, J.R. (DD; Queensland; netted for oil; 8.)
   1950?MacInnes, I.G.
x *1955MacMillan, L. (DD; distr. & habits; 17-19.)
   1956Thomson, D.F. (DD; Princess Charlotte Bay, Queensland)
   1959bAnon. (DD; New South Wales)
   1959Cilento & Lack
   1961Roughley, T.C.
x  1962Marlow, B.J. (DD; New South Wales; 433.)
   1964Johns, H. (DD; pop. acc.)
x *1964Johnson, D.H. (DD; specimens from Arnhem Land, Northern Territory; 506-508.)
x  1966aBertram & Bertram (DD; status; 938-939.)
x  1966bBertram & Bertram (DD; 213-217.)
x  1966cBertram & Bertram (DD; 221-222.)
x  1966Little, E.C.S. (DD; proposed use in weed control; 86.)
   1966Troughton, E.
x  1967Kenny, R. (DD; respiration; 372-373.)
x  1967Oke, V.R. (DD; northern Queensland; in capt.; 220-221.)
x *1967Welsby, T. (DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland; 1: 102-110, 2: 233-257.)
   1968Bannister, J.L.
x  1968Keith, K. (DD; Gulf of Carpentaria; 20.)
x *1968Lack, C. (DD; Queensland; history of oil industry; 4-6.)
x  1969Anon. (DD; hunting banned; 90.)
x  1969Caldwell et al. (DD; 437.)
   1970Butler, W.H. (DD; Barrow Is., Western Australia)
   1970Whitley, G.P.
x  1971Bertram & Bertram (DD; Queensland; medicinal use of oil; 146-147.)
   1971Roughsey, D.
x  1972Heinsohn & Birch (DD; food; 414-422.)
x *1972Heinsohn, G.E. (DD; natural history; 205-212.)
x  1972Kenchington, R.A. (DD; drowned in shark nets; m884.)
x  1972Lawrie, M.E. (DD; Torres Strait; folktales; 3-6, 22-28.)
x  1972Walker, K. (DD; Stradbroke Is., Queensland; netting & eating; 71, 73-74.)
x *1973Bertram & Bertram (DD; distr. & status, 310-315; econ. use, 322-324; hunting & capture, 325-328; conservation, 331-332; captures at Numbulwar Mission, Northern Territory, 333-335.)
x  1973Cantley, R. (DD; status & conservation; 34-35, 52.)
x  1973Mitchell, J. (DD; age determination; 2.)
x  1973Spain & Heinsohn (DD; cyclone & feeding changes; 678-680.)
   1974Baudin, N. (DD; Western Australia)
x  1974Bertram, G.C.L. (DD; conservation; 15-16, 19.)
x  1974Heinsohn & Spain (DD; Queensland; effects of cyclone; 143-152.)
x  1974Spain & Heinsohn (DD; skull allometry; 249.)
   1975Colliver & Woolston (DD; Stradbroke Is., Queensland)
x  1975Kirkman, H. (DD; Tin Can Bay, Queensland; m131.)
x  1975Martin, J.H.D. (DD; Moreton Bay & Stradbroke Is., Queensland; 74.)
x  1975Spain & Heinsohn (DD; size & weight allometry; 159.)
x  1976bAnon. (DD; pop. acc.; 62-63.)
   1976eAnon. (DD)
x  1976Heinsohn & Wake (Fraser Is., Queensland, as dugong habitat; 15-18.)
x  1976Heinsohn, Marsh & Spain (DD; netting technique; 117-121.)
x  1976Heinsohn, Spain & Anderson (DD; Queensland; aerial surveys; 21-23.)
x  1976Ligon, S.H. (DD; Queensland; aerial survey; 580-582.)
x  1976Spain et al. (DD; Queensland; skull variation; 491.)
x  1977Blair, D. (DD; parasitic flukes; 64.)
x  1977Heinsohn & Marsh (DD; pop. acc.; 106-111.)
x  1977Heinsohn et al. (DD; role in seagrass system; 235-248.)
x  1977bHeinsohn, G.E. (DD; pop. acc.; 1-5.)
x  1977Marsh et al. (DD; digestive system & parasites; 271-295.)
x  1977Murray et al. (DD; Queensland; hindgut & digestion; 7-8.)
x  1977Nietschmann, B. (DD; Torres Strait; feeding, tides; 10-12, 14.)
x *1978Anderson & Birtles (DD; Queensland; behavior & ecology; 1-23.)
x *1978Anderson & Heinsohn (DD; distr. survey; 13-26.)
   1978Burbridge & George (DD; Dirk Hartog Is., Western Australia)
x  1978Heinsohn et al. (DD; Brisbane; 91-92.)
x  1978aHeinsohn, G.E. (DD; conservation; pop. acc.; 29-30.)
x  1978Marshall, A.J. (DD; Arnhem Land, Northern Territory; Aboriginal story; 80-84.)
x  1978Stanbury, P.J. (DD; accounts by Dampier & Portlock; 18.)
x  1979Blair, D. (DD; trematode Labicola elongata; 519-520, 525.)
x  1979Caton, A. (DD; research & conservation; pop. acc.; 1-4.)
   1979aCropp, B. (DD; Shark Bay, Western Australia; pop. acc.)
   1979Glazebrook, R. (DD; in capt.)
   1979Heinsohn et al. (DD)
   1979Ling, J.K. (DD)
   1979Moore, D.R. (DD; Cape York; hunting)
   1979Paterson, R. (DD; mortality from shark nets)
x  1979Pedley, I. (DD; Tin Can Bay, Queensland; oil industry; 231.)
   1979cCropp, B. (DD; hunting by Bardi Aborigines)
x  1980Blair, D. (DD; trematode Indosolenorchis hirudinaceus; 511-525.)
   1980Caton, A. (DD; pop. acc.)
x  1980Denton et al. (DD; metal content of tissues; 201-219.)
x  1980Marsh, H. (DD; age determination; 181-201.)
x  1981bAnderson, P.K. (DD; behavior; 91-111.)
x  1981Bertram, G.C.L. (importance of Australia as past & present center of dugong abundance and its responsibility in dugong conservation; 1-7.)
x  1981aBlair, D. (DD; parasitic flukes; 2.)
x  1981bBlair, D. (DD; parasites; gen. acc.; S21-S22.)
x  1981Campbell & Ladds (DD; Queensland; diseases; 176-181.)
x  1981Chase, A. (DD; Aboriginal use & beliefs; 112-122.)
x  1981Denton & Breck (DD; Queensland; mercury in tissues; 117, 119-120.)
x  1981aDenton, G.R.W. (DD; Queensland; heavy metal content of tissues; 169-174.)
x  1981Elliott et al. (DD; in capt.; salmonellosis; 203.)
x  1981Elliott, M.A. (DD; Northern Territory; distr. & status; 57-66.)
x  1981aHeinsohn, G.E. (DD; Queensland; distr. & status; 55-56.)
x  1981Marsh & Glover (DD; male reproductive tracts; 262, 266.)
x  1981Marsh & Heinsohn (DD; Queensland; workshop on aerial survey techniques; 345-353.)
x  1981Marsh et al. (DD; Wellesley Islands, Queensland; hunting & conservation; 255-267.)
x *1981aMarsh, H. (proceedings of dugong seminar/workshop; 1-400.)
x  1981dMarsh, H. (DD; Queensland; female reproductive tracts; 248.)
x  1981Mitchell, J. (DD; Queensland; age determination; 99-109.)
x  1981Nietschmann & Nietschmann (DD; Torres Strait; hunting; 54-63.)
x  1981Prince et al. (DD; Western Australia; distr. & status; 67-87.)
x  1981Purse, B. (DD; Queensland; hunting; review of film; 199-200.)
x  1981aSpain & Marsh (DD; Queensland; skull variation; 143-161.)
x  1981Sprent, J.F.A. (DD; Queensland; nematode Paradujardinia; 310.)
x  1982aAnderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Western Australia; population size & habitat use; 69-84.)
x  1982bAnderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Western Australia; behavior; 85-99.)
x  1982Barnett & Johns (DD; Queensland; hunting, conservation, underwater observations; 515-524.)
x  1982Marsh & Heinsohn (DD; conservation; 1-5.)
x  1982Marsh et al. (DD; Queensland; stomach contents; 55-67.)
   1983Hudson, B.E.T. (DD; Torres Strait)
   1983Marsh & Heinsohn (DD)
   1983Powell, J.A., Jr. (DD; pop. acc.)
x  1983Preen & Heinsohn (DD; 4 photos; 20-21.)
x  1984aAnderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Western Australia; suckling; 510.)
   1984bAnderson, P.K.
x  1984cAnderson, P.K. (DD; Queensland; behavior & ecology; 37-42.)
   1984Cropp, B. (DD; pop. acc.)
x  1984cMarsh, H. (DD; Northern Territory; rescue of animals stranded by cyclone; 106-107.)
x  1984Marsh, Heinsohn & Channells (DD; female reproductive tract; 744.)
x  1984Marsh, Heinsohn & Glover (DD; male reproductive tract; 722.)
x  1984Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (DD; breeding & population dynamics; 767-788.)
   1984aMinnegal, M. (DD; Princess Charlotte Bay, Queensland)
x  1984bMinnegal, M. (DD; Princess Charlotte Bay, Queensland; evidence of butchering at archeological site; 15-20.)
x  1984Nietschmann, B. (DD; Torres Strait; hunting & ecology; 625-651.)
x  1984Robinson, N.H. (DD; New South Wales; 157.)
   1984Taylor, J.M. (DD)
x  1985Anderson & Prince (DD; Shark Bay, Western Australia; attacks by killer whales; 554-556.)
   1985aAnon. (DD)
x  1985Baldwin, C.L. (DD; northeastern Queensland; conservation & management; 1-20.)
x  1985Kenchington, R.A. (DD; Great Barrier Reef, Queensland; conservation; 89-90.)
   1985Thomson, D.F. (DD)
x  1986aAnderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Western Australia; temperature, nutrition, & seasonal movements; 473-490.)
x  1986cAnderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Western Australia; pop. acc.; 162-167.)
x  1986Baldwin, C.L. (DD; Queensland; conservation; 206-212.)
x  1986Bayliss, P. (DD; Northern Territory; aerial survey; 27-37.)
x  1986Blair, D. (DD; parasites; gen. acc.; 46.)
   1986Heinsohn, G.E. (DD)
   1986Hudson & Marsh (DD; Torres Strait; aerial surveys)
   1986Hudson, B.E.T.
   1986Marsh, Freeland et al. (DD; Northern Territory; stranding by cyclone)
x  1986aMarsh, H. (DD; Torres Strait; status; 53-76.)
x  1986Prince, R.I.T. (DD; northern Western Australia; 1-38.)
x  1986Tisdell, C.A. (DD; conservation; 102-103.)
   1987Beckett, J. (DD; Torres Strait; hunting)
   1987Bertram, G.C.L. (DD)
x  1987Finger, J. (DD; Queensland; history of oil industry; 3-5.)
   1987Marsh, H. (DD)
   1988Anderson, G.R.V. (DD)
   1988aAnderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Western Australia)
   1988aAnon. (DD)
   1988Bradley, J.J. (DD; Sir Edward Pellew Islands, Northern Territory)
   1988Davis, S. (DD; northern Arnhem Land, Northern Territory)
x  1988Doig & Dyson (DD; Queensland; satellite tracking; pop. acc.; 438-439.)
   1988Gray & Zann (DD; northern Australia; traditional knowledge)
x  1988aMarsh, H. (DD; ecology & conservation; 9-21.)
x  1988bMarsh, H. (DD; status of research; 128-130.)
x  1988cMarsh, H. (DD; gen. acc.; 8-10.)
   1988dMarsh, H. (DD)
x  1988eMarsh, H. (DD; conservation; 495-502.)
   1988Myroniuk, P. (DD; Hinchinbrook Is., Queensland)
   1988Prince, R.I.T. (DD; Western Australia)
x  1988Reddacliff, G. (DD; Sydney; killed by cookie-cutter sharks; 133-134.)
   1988Smith, A.J. (DD; Queensland)
x  1988Tucker & Puddicombe (DD; conservation; 82-83.)
x  1989Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Western Australia; foraging on macroinvertebrates; 4-6.)
x  1989Bayliss & Freeland (DD; western Gulf of Carpentaria; distr. & abundance; 141-149.)
   1989Marsh & Saalfeld (DD)
x  1989aMarsh & Sinclair (DD; aerial surveys; visibility bias correction; 1018-1022.)
x  1989aMarsh, H. (DD; Northern Territory; stranding by cyclone; 78-84.)
x  1989bPreen, A. (DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland; mating behavior; 382-387.)
  *1989Smith, A.J. (DD; eastern Cape York Peninsula; exploitation by Aborigines)
x  1990Eiser, P. (DD; m28; gen. acc., 73.)
x  1990Marsh & Rathbun (DD; Queensland; radio & satellite tracking; 83-100.)
x  1990Marsh & Saalfeld (DD; Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Queensland; distr. & abundance; 511-524.)
   1990Parer-Cook & Parer (DD)
x  1990Paterson, R.A. (DD; Queensland; mortality from shark nets; 155-156.)
x  1990Smith & Marsh (DD; northern Great Barrier Reef, Queensland; management of traditional hunting; 47-55.)
   1990Bowdler, S. (DD; Shark Bay; archaeological sites)
x  1991Bradley, J.J. (DD; Sir Edward Pellew Islands, Northern Territory; traditional hunting; 91-110.)
x  1991Fitzpatrick, J. (DD; Torres Strait; sharing of meat; m19-20.)
   1991Fox, R. (DD; Shark Bay, Western Australia; pop. acc.)
   1991Johannes & MacFarlane (DD; Torres Strait)
x  1991Johnson, R.L. (DD; Great Barrier Reef, Queensland; pop. acc.; 36-46.)
x  1991Marsh & Saalfeld (DD; Torres Strait; status; 187-194.)
x *1992Pledge, N. (?Dugong; Early Plioc., South Australia; 6.)
x  1993Brown, J. (DD; Hervey Bay, Queensland; seagrass dieoff; pop. acc.; 11.)
x  1993Harling, R. (DD; Shark Bay; lekking; pop. acc.; 10-11.)
   1993Lee Long et al. (DD; Queensland; feeding trails)
x  1993Marsh et al. (DD; conservation; 232-234.)
   1993Steele & Kuhl (DD; Moreton Bay; warm-water refugia)
x  1994Anderson, I. (DD; Oyster Point, Queensland; resort construction threat to habitat; 7.)
x  1994Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Western Australia; distr. & food in winter; 381-388.)
   1994Cook, C. (DD; traditional hunting rights)
x  1994Kemper et al. (DD; heavy metals, organochlorines; 129-135, 137.)
x  1994Marsh & Lefebvre (DD; distr., status, conservation; 161-165.)
x  1994Marsh et al. (DD; Shark Bay; distr. & abundance; 149-161.)
x  1994Ponte et al. (DD; Queensland; traditional hunting rights; 260-261.)
x  1994Ross, A. (DD; traditional hunting rights; 22-26.)
x  1995Anderson & Barclay (DD; Shark Bay, Western Australia; acoustic signals; 1226-1237.)
x  1995bAnderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay; scarring & photoidentification; 205-211.)
x  1995Heinsohn, G.E. (DD; gen. acc.; 666-670.)
x  1995Preen & Marsh (DD; Hervey Bay, Queensland; response to seagrass die-off; 507-519.)
x  1995aPreen, A.R. (DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland; feeding on invertebrates; 163-171.)
   1996Slater & Stokes (DD; Shoalwater Bay, Queensland; management plan)
   1996Lee Long et al. (DD; northeastern Australia; feeding at depths of at least 23 m)
x  1996Anderson, I. (DD; Queensland; voluntary hunting moratorium by Aborigines; 5.)
x  1996Krogh & Reid (DD; New South Wales; mortality from shark nets; 221-223.)
  *1996Marsh et al. (southern Great Barrier Reef Marine Park; status; 1-80.)
x  1996Tikel et al. (DD; Borroloola & Torres Strait; mtDNA sequences; 456-457.)
   1996Roberts et al. (DD; North Queensland; monitoring Aboriginal hunting)
   1996Marsh, H. (DD; Queensland; sustainable use)
x  1997Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay; lekking; 433-462.)
   1997Corkeron et al.
x  1997Edmonds et al. (DD; Western Australia; elemental composition of tusk; 203-214.)
x  1997Marsh et al. (DD; Great Barrier Reef; ecology, status, values, human impacts, management; 124-138.)
x  1997Marsh, H. (DD; population biology & conservation; gen. acc.; 50-57.)
x  1997Marsh, Harris & Lawler (DD; Torres Strait; sustainability of fishery; 1375-1386.)
x  1997Peterken & Conacher (DD; Moreton Bay; effects of grazing on Zostera capricorni; 333-340.)
x  1997Preen et al. (DD; Shark Bay, Ningaloo Reef, Exmouth Gulf; 185-208.)
   1997Whiting, S.D. (DD; Fog Bay, Northern Territory)
x  1997Whiting, S.D. (DD; Fog Bay, Northern Territory; 16-26.)
   1998Bryden et al. (DD)
   1998Anderson, P.K.
   1998Dinesen, Z. (DD; Great Barrier Reef Marine Park)
   1998Gribble et al. (DD; Queensland; effect of shark control)
x  1998Preen, A.R. (DD; Indian Ocean coast; conservation; 173-181.)
   1998Haynes et al. (DD; Great Barrier Reef; protection areas)
   1999Marsh et al. (DD; conservation strategy)
   1999Tager, J. (DD)
x  1999Ambrose, P. (DD; Great Barrier Reef Marine Park; new sanctuary area; m235-236.)
   1999Haynes et al. (DD; Great Barrier Reef)
   1999Oliver & Berkelmans (DD; Great Barrier Reef & Hervey Bay; research strategy)
x  1999Whiting, S.D. (DD; Sahul Banks; 609-615.)
   1999Hope Vale Aboriginal Community (DD; Hope Vale; hunting management plan)
   1999Oliver & Berkelmans (DD; Great Barrier Reef & Hervey Bay; research strategy)
x  2000Aragones & Marsh (DD; Great Barrier Reef; simulated grazing & seagrass recovery; 277-288.)
   2000Lee Long et al.
   2000Morgan et al. (DD; Queensland; Cryptosporidium parvum)
   2001McLachlan et al. (DD; Great Barrier Reef; PCDDs)
   2001Schulman, M. (DD; Great Barrier Reef; conservation)
   2001Simpfendorfer et al. (DD; Western Australia; remains found in tiger shark stomachs)
   2001aAnon. (DD; sanctuaries; 336-337.)
x  2001Masini et al. (DD; Shark Bay; grazing on Halodule; 179-197.)
x  2001Taylor, G. (DD; Shark Bay; shark attack; 34-41.)
   2001Vetter et al. (DD; northeastern Australia; organohalogens)
   2001Preen, A.R. (DD; Queensland; boat-traffic management)
   2001Marsh & Lawler (DD; southern Great Barrier Reef & Hervey Bay)
   2001Marsh et al. (DD; Queensland; mortality in shark nets)
   2002Lawler et al. (DD; Great Barrier Reef; state of knowledge)
   2002Tisdell, C.A. (DD; conservation)
   2002aWhiting, S.D. (DD; Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory; dive times)
   2002bWhiting, S.D. (DD; Darwin region, Northern Territory)
   2002Lanyon et al. (DD; Moreton Bay; mark-recapture program)
   2002Schaffelke et al. (DD; Great Barrier Reef; water quality)
   2002Carruthers et al. (DD; NE Australia; seagrass habitats)
   2002Marsh & Lawler (DD; northern Great Barrier Reef)
   2003McNiven & Feldman (DD; Torres Strait; hunting magic)
   2003Lanyon, J.M. (DD; Moreton Bay; aerial surveys, 1995; 397-409.)
   2003Rouja et al. (DD; NW Australia; indigenous hunting & use of fat)
   2004Allen et al. (DD; New South Wales)
   2004Haworth et al. (DD; Botany Bay; subfossil)
   2004Marsh et al. (DD; Torres Strait; fishery unsustainable)
   2004Heinsohn, R., et al. (DD; Torres Strait & Cape York; population viability analyses)
   2004Gales et al. (DD; Western Australia; migration)
   2005Andre et al. (DD; Torres Strait; diet comp. w/ green turtles)
   2005Kwan, D. (DD; Torres Strait; management of traditional fishery)
   2005Lanyon, Smith & Carrick (DD; Moreton Bay; reproductive steroids in feces)
   2005Lanyon, Johns & Sneath (DD; Queensland; effects of temperature)
   2005Fitzgerald, E.M.G. (DD; Victoria; subfossil)
   2005Chilvers et al. (DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland)
   2005Fernandes et al. (DD; Great Barrier Reef)
   2005Havemann et al. (DD; Great Barrier Reef; traditional hunting agreements)
   2005Mellors et al. (DD; Great Barrier Reef; seagrass meadows; biogeochemical parameters)
   2006David et al. (DD; Torres Strait; dugong bone mounds & rituals)
   2006Kwan et al. (DD; hunting)
x *2006Pledge, N.S. ("Dugonginae incertae sedis"; Early Plioc., South Australia; 295-305.)
   2006Maitland et al. (DD; Burrum Heads, Queensland; risk of boat strike)
   2006Holley et al. (DD; Shark Bay)
   2007Grech & Marsh (DD; conservation; population model)
   2007Hodgson et al. (DD; use of acoustic alarms to prevent accidental netting)
   2008Wirsing et al. (DD; Shark Bay; foraging tactics & shark avoidance)
  *2008Daley et al. (DD; Queensland; history of commercial fishery)
   2008Hermanussen et al. (DD; Queensland; PBDEs)
   2008Marsh, H. (DD; Great Barrier Reef)
   2008Marsh & Kwan (DD; Torres Strait; female reproductive biology & seagrass dieback)
   2008Sheppard et al. (DD; Torres Strait; seagrass nutrients)
   2008Takahashi et al. (DD; Moreton Bay; okadaic acid)
   2008Dobbs et al. (DD; protected area, Great Barrier Reef)
   2008Whiting, S.D. (DD; Northern Territory)
   2008McNiven & Bedingfield (DD; Torres Strait; archaeological sites; hunting rates)
   2009Sheppard et al. (DD; habitat use)
   2010McCook et al. (Great Barrier Reef; adaptive management)
   2010Lanyon et al. (DD; Queensland; molecular characterization of populations; skin sampling)
   2010Sheppard et al. (DD; Hervey Bay, Queensland; habitat use & food choice)
   2011Gaul et al. (DD; Queensland; organobromine compounds)
   2012Owen et al. (DD; Queensland; postmortem findings)
  *2012Dobbs et al. (DD; distribution, status, & conservation)
   2012Butler et al. (DD; Torres Strait; traditional ecological knowledge and fisheries management; role with turtles as keystone species)
  *2013Fitzgerald et al. (Sirenia indet.; Mioc.)
   2013Nielsen et al. (DD; Queensland; bacteria)
   2013Hodgson et al. (DD; use of drones in aerial surveys)
   2013McNiven, I. (DD; Torres Strait; middens)
   2013Parsons et al. (DD; Shark Bay; vocalizations)
   2013Fuentes et al. (DD; Torres Strait; capture for tagging by harpoon and dermal holdfast)
   2014Blair et al. (DD; Pleist. sea level & phylogeography)
   2014Hagihara et al. (DD; aerial surveys; correction factors for surfacing times)
   2018Wong et al. (DD; southern Queensland, Australia; polyclonal anti-dugong immunoglobulin G antibody)
   2019Wong et al. (DD; Queensland; Toxoplasma gondii & Neospora caninum)
   2021Nowicki et al. (DD; Shark Bay; tiger sharks; effects of apex predator removal and extreme climatic events)
   2021Lanyon et al. (DD; body scarring by tusks)
Austria ( 45 )
x  1847Meyer, H.v. (Halianassa Collinii; Linz; 189-190.)
x  1861Van Beneden, P.J. (Halitherium; Linz; 481.)
   1866Suess, E.
x  1867Hauer, F.v. (Halianassa Collini; Mioc., Hainburg; 140-141.)
x  1867Peters, K.F. (Halitherium Cordieri; Mioc., Hainburg; 309-314, pl. 7.)
x  1867Stache, G. ("Halitherium" or "Halianassa"; Mioc., Hainburg; 141-144.)
x  1868Fuchs, T. ("Halitherium" [= Metaxytherium krahuletzi]; Eggenburg; 591.)
x  1886Hauer, F.v. ("Halitherium" [=Metaxytherium medium]; Middle Mioc., Ottakring, Austria; 27-28.)
x *1895Depéret, C. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi, n.sp.; Mioc., Eggenburg; 408, 415.)
   1896Toula, F. (incorrect report of a sir. [actually a rhinoceros] at Kalksburg; 919.)
   1899Toula, F.
x  1902cAbel, O. (Metaxytherium sp.; Mioc.; Vienna Basin; m1176.)
   1903Abel, O.
  *1904aAbel, O.
   1927Ehrenberg, K. (Friedberg)
   1927aSickenberg, O. (Mioc., Burgenland)
   1927bSickenberg, O. (Metaxytherium petersi; Mioc., Burgenland)
  *1928Sickenberg, O. (Thalattosiren, n.gen.; Mioc., Burgenland)
   1929bSickenberg, O. (Mioc., Burgenland)
   1931Glaessner, M.F. (Metaxytherium; Mioc.)
x  1936Resch, R. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc.; Waschbach; m26.)
x  1953Zapfe, H. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc.; Langau; 14.)
x  1955Bernhauser, A. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc.; Ober-Nalb; 168-169, 172, 185.)
  *1959Spillmann, F.
   1969Spillmann, F. (Halitherium spp.; Late Olig.)
   1969Steininger, F.F. (Linz)
x  1971Daxner-Höck, G. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Eggenburg region; 764-765.)
   1972Schultz, O. (Mioc.)
x  1973Spillmann, F. (Halitherium spp.; Olig.; 197-209.)
   1975Rabeder, G. (Late Olig.)
   1977Ebner & Graef (Weitendorf)
   1977Fuchs, W.
x  1988Roetzel, R. (Metaxytherium; Early Mioc.; Weitersfeld; 402.)
   1990Stojaspal, F. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi)
x  1991aPervesler & Roetzel (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Eggenburg region; 97.)
x  1991Piller & Vávra ("Thalatosiren [sic] petersi"; Middle Mioc.; m189.)
x  1996Pervesler, P. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; construction of museum display; 75-80.)
x  1996Piller et al. ("Thalatosiren [sic] petersi"; Middle Mioc., Austria; m16.)
x  1998Pervesler et al. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Mioc., Eggenburg region; paleoecology & taphonomy; 87-103.)
x  2000Pervesler et al. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc.; Eggenburg region; 213-215.)
  *2001Domning & Pervesler (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc., Eggenburg region)
   2013Reiter & Mittermayr (Halitherium cristolii; Late Olig., Linz)
  *2013Domning & Pervesler (Metaxytherium medium; Middle Mioc., Central Europe)
   2016Voss et al. (Late Olig.; Lentiarenium cristolii)
   2021Feichtinger et al. (Metaxytherium cf. medium; middle Mioc., Styria; predation by tiger shark (Galeocerdo))