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L

Legends: Legends: SEE Mermaid Legend; Religious, Superstitious, or Ornamental Use or Observance ( 0 )
Legislation, Protective: Legislation, Protective: SEE Conservation ( 0 )
Lentiarenium cristolii Voss, 2016 ( 1 )
  *2016Voss et al. (n.comb.)
Lentiarenium Voss, 2016 ( 1 )
  *2016Voss et al. (n.gen.)
Libysiren Domning et al., 2017 ( 1 )
  *2017Domning et al. (n.gen., middle Eoc., Libya)
Libysiren sickenbergi Domning et al., 2017 ( 1 )
  *2017Domning et al. (n.sp., middle Eoc., Libya)
Locomotion ( 90 )
(SEE ALSO: Respiration and Diving)
x *1878Brown, A.E. (TMM; on land; experiment; 295-296.)
x  1881Crane, A. (Trichechus; in capt.; 457-460.)
x *1881Flower, W.H. (sirs.; on land; 453-456.)
   1887Noack, T. (TS; on land)
   1887Shufeldt, R.W. (TMM; Mexico; partly out of water)
x *1899Steller, G.W. (HG; 188-189, 197-198.)
x  1904Freund, L. (anatomical modifications; 383-384, 395.)
x *1906bDexler & Freund (DD, breathing & swimming, 50-52, 66-67, feeding trails, 56-57, 67; Trichechus, 67-68; HG, m68.)
x  1924ePetit, G. (Trichechus; on land; m295.)
x  1924-25Vosseler, J. (TI; in capt.; swimming & head movements, 222-224; on land, 225.)
   1924Vialleton, L. (use of limbs)
x  1925Troxell, E.L. (chevron bones; m613.)
x  1928Prater, S.H. (DD; 95-96.)
x  1935Allen, G.M. (DD; on land; 81.)
x  1938Devillers, C. (TI; in capt.; 87-88.)
x  1939Coates, C.W. (emaciated TI; in capt.; floating & swimming; 141, 144-145, 147.)
x  1948Bessac & Villiers (TS; crossing earthen dams during migration; 188.)
x  1951bMoore, J.C. (TML; facing current, 30; resting posture, 30-31.)
x  1955MacMillan, L. (DD; Australia; swimming, 18-19; on land, 18.)
x  1956Moore, J.C. (TML; calf, 17; adult, 20-23.)
x  1957Cadenat, J. (TS; Senegal; on land; 1369.)
x  1957Moore, J.C. (TML; calf, & on land; 138.)
x  1959Jones, S. (DD; in capt.; use of flippers; 201.)
x *1961Jonklaas, R. (DD; 3.)
x  1961Silas, E.G. (DD; in capt., India; use of flippers; 264-265.)
x *1964aBertram & Bertram (Trichechus; swimming, 116-117; on land, 117.)
x  1964Moore, J.C. (TML; 7-8.)
x *1965Lluch B., D. (TMM; Mexico; on land; 417.)
x  1966Jarman, P.J. (DD; Kenya; 84.)
x  1966Kinzer, J. (TS; swimming & on land; 50.)
x  1967Aung, S.H. (DD; in capt.; swimming; 221.)
x  1967aJones, S. (DD; in capt.; on land; 219.)
x *1967Kenny, R. (DD; breathing & swimming; 372-373.)
x  1967Oke, V.R. (DD; in capt.; swimming; 220-221.)
x  1968Charnock-Wilson, J. (TMM; 293; on land, 294.)
x  1969Hartman, D.S. (TML; swimming; speed "about 20 mph"; 349-350.)
x  1969Herald, E.S. (Trichechus; in capt.; swimming backward; 29-30.)
   1969Tweedie, M.
x  1972Boorer, M.K. (TM; in capt.; swimming clockwise; m165.)
x  1974bDekker, D. (TMM; Suriname; swimming with "head & shoulders above water"; 2.)
x  1976Heinsohn, Spain & Anderson (DD; Australia; traveling at surface; calves with ?mothers; 22-23.)
x  1976Reynolds, J.E., III (TML; "body-surfing"; 211.)
x  1976Tas'an (DD; use of flippers on bottom; 5.)
x  1977aDomning, D.P. (DD; swimming & forelimb muscles; 28-31.)
x  1977bDomning, D.P. (evolution, in North Pacific sirs.; 353-361.)
x  1978Anderson & Birtles (DD; Queensland; facing current, 13; flippers not used on bottom, 19-20.)
x  1978aDomning, D.P. (TI; forelimb muscles; 69-71.)
x  1978bDomning, D.P. (hydrodamalines; 121-129, 131, 141-142.)
x  1978Marsh et al. (DD; swimming speed; 164.)
x *1979Anderson, P.K. (DD; "cocking" flukes for acceleration, 114-115; use of flippers in braking, 114; head movements, 115, 122; rostral disc compressed laterally when swimming, 116; swimming, 120-124; ?hydrodynamic assistance to calves, 130.)
x *1979Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; swimming against currents, 39-40; swimming & use of flippers, 64-72, 75-76.)
x  1981bAnderson, P.K. (DD; swimming speed, 94-95; calves swimming above mothers' backs, 101-103.)
x  1981Marsh et al. (DD; swimming speed 10-12 knots; 259.)
x  1981aReynolds, J.E., III (TML; Florida; feeding more than half out of water, 237, 240; climbing barriers, 235-236, 238-239.)
   1982bAnderson, P.K. (DD; Australia; tail stroke rate, turning, swimming in wave surges; 92.)
x  1982Barnett & Johns (DD; Queensland; swimming; 522.)
x  1982Kleinschmidt, A. (evolution of sir. locomotion; 370-377.)
 D*1984bInuzuka, N. (desmostylians reconstructed as "herpetiform" mammals)
 D 1985Halstead, L.B.
 D 1985Inuzuka, N.
x  1985Mühling, P. (TMM; in capt., Nuremberg; newborn swimming only with flippers; 15.)
x  1985Rowlatt & Marsh (DD, TM; comparative heart morphology & swimming stamina; 104.)
   1986Sokolov, Pershin et al. (TM)
x  1989aMarsh, H. (DD; Australia; rolling across mudflats; 79.)
xD 1990Repenning & Packard (Paleoparadoxia; California; 201-203.)
x *1991Domning & de Buffrénil (swimming & hydrostasis; 332-334, 359.)
x *1991Frey, R. (testicondy & locomotion; 277-283, 316, 319.)
   1993Fish, F.E. (hydrodynamics & energetics)
x  1994aFrey, R. (copulation & relative penis length; 137, 152-153.)
   1994bFrey, R.
x  1994Tschada, P. (TMM; in capt., Nuremberg; adult & newborn; 33, 46.)
 D 1995Inuzuka, N. (Desmostylus)
x  1995Schuhmann, H.-J. (TS; Guinea-Bissau; estimated maximum swimming speed greater than 30 km/hr.; 404.)
 D 1997Inuzuka, N. (Desmostylus; inferred footprint & trackway)
x  1997Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; swimming, bottom-walking; 442-446.)
x  2000Domning, D.P. (Eoc. sirs.; locomotor & diving adaptations; 115-119.)
   2000Iwaniuk & Whishaw (forelimb movements)
 D*2000Yamazaki & Ikeuchi (Desmostylus; robotic simulation; 167-172.)
 D*2000Yamazaki & Umeda (Desmostylus; computer simulation; 159-165.)
xD 2001dDomning, D.P. (desmostylian tibia; 23-24.)
 D*2002bDomning, D.P. (terrestrial posture of desmostylians)
x  2004Uhen, M.D. (TM, comp. w/ Dorudon; 147-152.)
 D 2005Gingerich, P.D. (Desmostylus hesperus; swimming mode)
   2006Kobayashi & Tazaki (Hydrodamalinae; evolution of spinal movement)
 D 2007Hasegawa, Y. (studies of desmostylian evolution & locomotion)
  *2007Kojeszewski & Fish (TML; swimming kinematics)
   2009Houssaye, A. (review of "pachyostosis")
 D 2009Fujiwara, S. (Ashoroa, Desmostylus hesperus, Paleoparadoxia repenningi, P. tabatai; olecranon orientation, elbow joint angle, & forelimb posture)
 D 2013Hayashi et al. (desmostylians; bone histology & aquatic adaptation)
   2013Kikuchi et al. (TI; in capt., Brazil; acceleration data loggers)
Lophiodolodus Stirton, 1947 ( 3 )
x  1956McKenna, M.C. (possibly a sir.; m739.)
x  1980McKenna, M.C. (possibly a sir.; m49, m66.)
x  1982bDomning, D.P. (probably not a sir.; 600.)
Louisiana ( 13 )
x  1884bTrue, F.W. (TM; m114.)
x *1941aGunter, G. (TML; 60-61.)
x  1941bGunter, G. (TML; 13.)
x  1943Lowery, G.H., Jr. (TML; 253-254.)
   1974Lowery, G.H., Jr. (TM)
x  1975dAnon. (TM; near Lake Pontchartrain; 20.)
x  1982bDomning, D.P. (Trichechus sp.; Late Pleist., Jefferson Davis Par.; 605.)
x  1984Powell & Rathbun (TM; 2, 6-7.)
x  1988aO'Shea, T.J. (TM; 187, 199.)
x  1990Rathbun et al. (TM; 30.)
x  1996Schiro et al. (TM; 28-29.)
  *2005Fertl et al. (TM)
   2011Campagna et al. (TM; Gulf of Mexico; oil spill)
Lymphatic System: Lymphatic System: SEE Circulatory System ( 0 )